{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2911926199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899736","title":"Comparative Study of Supervised Learning and Metaheuristic Algorithms for the Development of Bluetooth-Based Indoor Localization Mechanisms","display_name":"Comparative Study of Supervised Learning and Metaheuristic Algorithms for the Development of Bluetooth-Based Indoor Localization Mechanisms","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2911926199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899736","mag":"2911926199"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2899736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899736","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08642816.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08642816.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014512531","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Lov\u00f3n-Melgarejo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6243-0864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62520931","display_name":"National University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/006v63s16","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62520931"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Lovon-Melgarejo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Nacional de Ingenier\u00eda, Peru"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6243-0864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Nacional de Ingenier\u00eda, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62520931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027610502","display_name":"Manuel Castillo\u2010Cara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-7090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62520931","display_name":"National University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/006v63s16","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62520931"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Castillo-Cara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Nacional de Ingenier\u00eda, Peru"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-7090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Nacional de Ingenier\u00eda, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62520931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012878008","display_name":"Oscar Huarcaya-Canal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62520931","display_name":"National University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/006v63s16","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62520931"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Huarcaya-Canal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Nacional de Ingenier\u00eda, Peru"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Nacional de Ingenier\u00eda, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62520931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045698047","display_name":"Luis Orozco\u2013Barbosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-1608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Orozco-Barbosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Informatics, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Informatics, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002824408","display_name":"Ismael Garc\u00eda-Varea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3451-7852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismael Garcia-Varea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Informatics, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3451-7852","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Informatics, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.5429,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89666174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"26123","last_page":"26135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8378005027770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.7253078818321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic","display_name":"Metaheuristic","score":0.6161593198776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6023964881896973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5183361768722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5092865228652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4954484701156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.45862311124801636}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8378005027770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.7253078818321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.6161593198776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6023964881896973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5183361768722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5092865228652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4954484701156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.45862311124801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2899736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899736","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08642816.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:bibliuned:95-Jmcastillo-0001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Jmcastillo-0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737644977","display_name":"Espacio Tiempo y Forma Serie I Prehistoria y Arqueolog\u00eda","issn_l":"1131-7698","issn":["1131-7698","2340-1354"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321040","host_organization_name":"National University of Distance Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321040"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National University of Distance Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access ( Volume: 7); 26123 - 26135","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-spacio.uned.es:20.500.14468/12446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/12446","pdf_url":"https://e-spacio.uned.es/bitstreams/f023ff72-8512-4eb2-959d-9f1b7b5a0b59/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055166","display_name":"UNED repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ef6cfb79a06549d9ba37af451adcb140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ef6cfb79a06549d9ba37af451adcb140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 26123-26135 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2899736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899736","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08642816.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1356170913","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2015-65686-C5-3-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3409845167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2015-66972-C5-2-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4911280266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2015-65686-C5-3-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335204","funder_display_name":"Secretar\u00eda de Estado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6320517866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2015-66972-C5-2-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335204","funder_display_name":"Secretar\u00eda de Estado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335204","display_name":"Secretar\u00eda de Estado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2911926199.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2911926199.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39164819","https://openalex.org/W192647492","https://openalex.org/W1058439126","https://openalex.org/W1893431417","https://openalex.org/W2011224697","https://openalex.org/W2016748032","https://openalex.org/W2054799039","https://openalex.org/W2073221271","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2109042184","https://openalex.org/W2143963034","https://openalex.org/W2204780533","https://openalex.org/W2230242400","https://openalex.org/W2296575645","https://openalex.org/W2309512289","https://openalex.org/W2341720557","https://openalex.org/W2413316079","https://openalex.org/W2414365832","https://openalex.org/W2496050832","https://openalex.org/W2553509957","https://openalex.org/W2563417884","https://openalex.org/W2575763852","https://openalex.org/W2623953197","https://openalex.org/W2753402027","https://openalex.org/W2766799585","https://openalex.org/W2768604034","https://openalex.org/W2779673798","https://openalex.org/W2786572381","https://openalex.org/W2793056955","https://openalex.org/W2800116075","https://openalex.org/W2902965010","https://openalex.org/W2964279294","https://openalex.org/W6607840220","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6676279030","https://openalex.org/W6688189775","https://openalex.org/W6697755854","https://openalex.org/W6698539447","https://openalex.org/W6730500219"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2602382373","https://openalex.org/W3003615511","https://openalex.org/W4285827128","https://openalex.org/W3198113463","https://openalex.org/W2787698406","https://openalex.org/W2963844355","https://openalex.org/W4361251046","https://openalex.org/W98577079","https://openalex.org/W4242093584","https://openalex.org/W2365945961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,31],"development":[1,44,85,156],"of":[2,5,27,37,45,50,57,69,86,95,108,113,127,150,157],"the":[3,11,28,35,43,55,58,67,84,93,99,114,120,128,146,151,155],"Internet":[4],"Things":[6],"(IoT)":[7],"benefits":[8],"from":[9],"1)":[10],"connections":[12],"between":[13],"devices":[14],"equipped":[15],"with":[16],"multiple":[17],"sensors;":[18],"2)":[19],"wireless":[20],"networks":[21],"and;":[22],"3)":[23],"processing":[24],"and":[25,62,110,132,148],"analysis":[26],"gathered":[29],"data.":[30],"growing":[32],"interest":[33],"in":[34,106],"use":[36,94,147],"IoT":[38],"technologies":[39],"has":[40],"led":[41],"to":[42,97],"numerous":[46],"diverse":[47],"applications,":[48],"many":[49],"which":[51],"are":[52],"based":[53],"on":[54,154],"knowledge":[56],"end":[59],"user's":[60],"location":[61],"profile.":[63],"This":[64],"paper":[65],"investigates":[66],"characterization":[68],"Bluetooth":[70],"signals":[71],"behavior":[72],"using":[73],"12":[74,129],"different":[75,138],"supervised":[76,121,130],"learning":[77,131],"algorithms":[78,135,153],"as":[79],"a":[80],"first":[81],"step":[82],"toward":[83],"fingerprint-based":[87],"localization":[88,115,159],"mechanisms.":[89,160],"We":[90,117],"then":[91],"explore":[92],"metaheuristics":[96,134],"determine":[98],"best":[100],"radio":[101],"power":[102],"transmission":[103],"setting":[104],"evaluated":[105],"terms":[107],"accuracy":[109],"mean":[111],"error":[112],"mechanism.":[116],"further":[118],"tune-up":[119],"algorithm":[122],"hyperparameters.":[123],"A":[124],"comparative":[125],"evaluation":[126],"two":[133,137],"under":[136],"system":[139],"parameter":[140],"settings":[141],"provide":[142],"valuable":[143],"insights":[144],"into":[145],"capabilities":[149],"various":[152],"indoor":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}