{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2911374045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898706","title":"A Novel Autofocus Measure Based on Weighted Walsh-Hadamard Transform","display_name":"A Novel Autofocus Measure Based on Weighted Walsh-Hadamard Transform","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2911374045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898706","mag":"2911374045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2898706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898706","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08640035.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08640035.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014021524","display_name":"Liqiang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1429-2521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147117","display_name":"Huaiyin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xvggv44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liqiang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai\u2019an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101414220","display_name":"Xiang Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-6693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147117","display_name":"Huaiyin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xvggv44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronic Electrical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai\u2019an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronic Electrical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101810668","display_name":"Lian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-3379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147117","display_name":"Huaiyin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xvggv44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronic Electrical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai\u2019an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronic Electrical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014021524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147117"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.5424,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69820564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"22107","last_page":"22117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11897","display_name":"Digital Holography and Microscopy","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autofocus","display_name":"Autofocus","score":0.9722732901573181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hadamard-transform","display_name":"Hadamard transform","score":0.872645914554596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.7642145156860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6708552837371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5582796931266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5578949451446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walsh-function","display_name":"Walsh function","score":0.49072158336639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.48023539781570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3640468716621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3576446771621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2912026643753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23314186930656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.1955183446407318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.14201316237449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.06116160750389099}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103764139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210008","display_name":"Autofocus","level":3,"score":0.9722732901573181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60292330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1014065","display_name":"Hadamard transform","level":2,"score":0.872645914554596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.7642145156860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6708552837371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5582796931266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5578949451446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164319782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1934233","display_name":"Walsh function","level":2,"score":0.49072158336639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48023539781570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3640468716621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3576446771621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2912026643753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23314186930656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.1955183446407318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.14201316237449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.06116160750389099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2898706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898706","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08640035.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:265cb08022c24f3ca28a0755ceb2f598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/265cb08022c24f3ca28a0755ceb2f598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 22107-22117 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2898706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898706","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08640035.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1333892844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61203242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2030376154","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3354177581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20171270","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3387023361","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61773177","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3910829908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5051431327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20141253","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6440320682","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20141253","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7425507202","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314997","display_name":"Strong","ror":"https://ror.org/041vyzr56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327794","display_name":"Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2911374045.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2911374045.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189085582","https://openalex.org/W1657172395","https://openalex.org/W1965475047","https://openalex.org/W1971824478","https://openalex.org/W1977442750","https://openalex.org/W1983360311","https://openalex.org/W1989058367","https://openalex.org/W1989283460","https://openalex.org/W2006331864","https://openalex.org/W2026517715","https://openalex.org/W2031704911","https://openalex.org/W2033139219","https://openalex.org/W2067469524","https://openalex.org/W2070363285","https://openalex.org/W2089192201","https://openalex.org/W2096258320","https://openalex.org/W2103440697","https://openalex.org/W2106551223","https://openalex.org/W2106816878","https://openalex.org/W2108111657","https://openalex.org/W2110254490","https://openalex.org/W2119028667","https://openalex.org/W2120679797","https://openalex.org/W2126434026","https://openalex.org/W2158133371","https://openalex.org/W2159373363","https://openalex.org/W2159749540","https://openalex.org/W2166117551","https://openalex.org/W2166774562","https://openalex.org/W2424168537","https://openalex.org/W2472790304","https://openalex.org/W2509784510","https://openalex.org/W2740469183","https://openalex.org/W4249736943","https://openalex.org/W6645036516","https://openalex.org/W6676140285","https://openalex.org/W6684786864"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385456289","https://openalex.org/W2011252634","https://openalex.org/W3100437958","https://openalex.org/W2303723627","https://openalex.org/W2513780272","https://openalex.org/W1983699456","https://openalex.org/W2101698554","https://openalex.org/W281425268","https://openalex.org/W2567265172","https://openalex.org/W1998849373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,42],"autofocus":[1,34,58],"measure":[2,35,68],"plays":[3],"an":[4],"important":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7],"passive":[8],"digital":[9],"imaging":[10],"systems.":[11],"However,":[12],"most":[13],"of":[14,44,55],"the":[15,22,38,45,52,61,66,72],"existing":[16],"methods":[17,74],"are":[18],"more":[19],"sensitive":[20],"to":[21,26],"noise.":[23],"In":[24],"order":[25],"overcome":[27],"this":[28],"drawback,":[29],"we":[30],"proposed":[31,46,67],"a":[32,77],"novel":[33],"based":[36],"on":[37],"weighted":[39],"Walsh-Hadamard":[40],"transform.":[41],"effectiveness":[43],"method":[47],"is":[48],"verified":[49],"with":[50],"adopting":[51],"two":[53],"sets":[54],"public":[56],"real":[57],"sequence,":[59],"where":[60],"experimental":[62],"results":[63],"show":[64],"that":[65],"performs":[69],"better":[70],"than":[71],"state-of-the-art":[73],"and":[75],"has":[76],"strong":[78],"anti-noise":[79],"capability.":[80]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}