{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2914786349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898387","title":"Feasibility and Reliability Analysis of LCC DC Grids and LCC/VSC Hybrid DC Grids","display_name":"Feasibility and Reliability Analysis of LCC DC Grids and LCC/VSC Hybrid DC Grids","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2914786349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898387","mag":"2914786349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2898387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898387","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08637943.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08637943.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100357017","display_name":"Gen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0649-9493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0649-9493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004183536","display_name":"Jun Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-449X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-449X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081653298","display_name":"Tibin Joseph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-1118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tibin Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-1118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101724205","display_name":"Ting An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-9377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103232816","display_name":"Jingjing Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6527-9829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17442442","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17442442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003394360","display_name":"Marcio Szechtman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205649185","display_name":"Eletrobras (Brazil)","ror":"https://ror.org/0017kmw32","country_code":"BR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205649185"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcio Szechtman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eletrobras Cepel, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eletrobras Cepel, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205649185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113584290","display_name":"Bjarne Andersen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114168","display_name":"Bexhill Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0279qd249","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114168","https://openalex.org/I4210136757"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bjarne R. Andersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Andersen Power Electronic Solutions, Bexhill-on-Sea, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andersen Power Electronic Solutions, Bexhill-on-Sea, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113861166","display_name":"Qikai Zhuang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qikai Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Europe GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Europe GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.2655,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97690863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"22445","last_page":"22456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10361","display_name":"Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.9775999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9273999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.678246021270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.6723192930221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.6443809270858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6115856170654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5880974531173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5571392774581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5232828259468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.43869057297706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.42902493476867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.34504324197769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3156525492668152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.28713259100914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2677161693572998}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.678246021270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6723192930221558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.6443809270858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6115856170654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5880974531173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5571392774581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5232828259468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.43869057297706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.42902493476867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.34504324197769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3156525492668152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28713259100914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2677161693572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2898387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898387","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08637943.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:119414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b918a050740c4a49a735bc9f2a1842eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b918a050740c4a49a735bc9f2a1842eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 22445-22456 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2898387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898387","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08637943.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2082141961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SGTYHT/16-JS-198","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","funder_display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3413233982","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L021455/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2914786349.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2914786349.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173461568","https://openalex.org/W562690047","https://openalex.org/W1763243278","https://openalex.org/W1953462724","https://openalex.org/W1982792827","https://openalex.org/W1993876857","https://openalex.org/W1995945199","https://openalex.org/W2023285254","https://openalex.org/W2028798135","https://openalex.org/W2050653783","https://openalex.org/W2058794680","https://openalex.org/W2064172631","https://openalex.org/W2068689207","https://openalex.org/W2080854382","https://openalex.org/W2095975511","https://openalex.org/W2103606537","https://openalex.org/W2119919714","https://openalex.org/W2186412530","https://openalex.org/W2200513608","https://openalex.org/W2243209805","https://openalex.org/W2243401142","https://openalex.org/W2249292715","https://openalex.org/W2258319370","https://openalex.org/W2286756301","https://openalex.org/W2316904322","https://openalex.org/W2320858657","https://openalex.org/W2345248293","https://openalex.org/W2405401061","https://openalex.org/W2460733902","https://openalex.org/W2471375452","https://openalex.org/W2479455195","https://openalex.org/W2492996620","https://openalex.org/W2525181498","https://openalex.org/W2525203390","https://openalex.org/W2549659046","https://openalex.org/W2606119665","https://openalex.org/W2728506505","https://openalex.org/W2770010070","https://openalex.org/W2784130885","https://openalex.org/W2796493806","https://openalex.org/W2801699806","https://openalex.org/W2803613895","https://openalex.org/W6686520116","https://openalex.org/W6690160091","https://openalex.org/W6691414285","https://openalex.org/W6718432051","https://openalex.org/W6720288716","https://openalex.org/W6727813078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W631083485","https://openalex.org/W4313452936","https://openalex.org/W2097026685","https://openalex.org/W2480068220","https://openalex.org/W2102542442","https://openalex.org/W1986220761","https://openalex.org/W2070883797","https://openalex.org/W2042495646","https://openalex.org/W4386859288","https://openalex.org/W1994228036"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Power":[0],"system":[1,18,127,154],"interconnections":[2],"using":[3,50,151],"high-voltage":[4,103],"direct-current":[5],"(HVDC)":[6],"technologies":[7,61],"between":[8],"different":[9],"areas":[10],"can":[11],"be":[12],"an":[13],"effective":[14],"solution":[15],"to":[16],"enhance":[17],"efficiency":[19],"and":[20,30,37,55,75,83,104,183],"reliability.":[21],"Particularly,":[22],"the":[23,43,51,67,80,91,96,118,131,160,164],"multi-terminal":[24],"dc":[25,48,73,78,180],"grids":[26,49,74],"that":[27],"could":[28],"balance":[29],"ensure":[31],"resource":[32],"adequacy":[33],"increase":[34],"asset":[35],"utilization":[36],"reduce":[38],"costs.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41,122,152,174],"paper,":[42],"technical":[44,68],"feasibility":[45],"of":[46,70,85,95,112,130,139,159,163,173],"building":[47,71],"line-commutated":[52],"converter-based":[53,58],"(LCC)":[54],"voltage":[56],"source":[57],"(VSC)":[59],"HVDC":[60],"is":[62,107,115,134,142],"discussed.":[63],"Apart":[64],"from":[65],"presenting":[66],"challenges":[69],"LCC":[72],"LCC/VSC":[76],"hybrid":[77],"grids,":[79],"reliability":[81,93,119,128,137,147,155,184],"modeling":[82],"analysis":[84],"theseDCgrids":[86],"are":[87,149,169],"also":[88],"presented.":[89,170],"First,":[90],"detailed":[92],"model":[94,129,138],"modular":[97],"multi-level":[98],"converters":[99],"(MMCs)":[100],"with":[101],"series-connected":[102],"low-voltage":[105],"bridges":[106],"developed.":[108,135],"The":[109,136,157,171],"active":[110],"mode":[111],"redundancy":[113,161],"design":[114,162,182],"considered":[116],"for":[117,179],"model.":[120,156],"To":[121],"end,":[123],"a":[124],"comprehensive":[125],"whole":[126,153],"studied":[132],"systems":[133],"each":[140],"subsystem":[141],"modeled":[143],"in":[144],"detail.":[145],"Various":[146],"indices":[148,168],"calculated":[150],"impacts":[158],"MMCs":[165],"on":[166],"these":[167],"studies":[172],"paper":[175],"provide":[176],"useful":[177],"guidance":[178],"grid":[181],"analysis.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
