{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2919091563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898223","title":"Classification of Cape Gooseberry Fruit According to its Level of Ripeness Using Machine Learning Techniques and Different Color Spaces","display_name":"Classification of Cape Gooseberry Fruit According to its Level of Ripeness Using Machine Learning Techniques and Different Color Spaces","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2919091563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898223","mag":"2919091563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2898223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898223","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08657936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08657936.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006472613","display_name":"Wilson Castro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-1262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42923333","display_name":"Private University of the North","ror":"https://ror.org/05t6q2334","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42923333"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wilson Castro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Privada del Norte, Cajamarca, Peru"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Privada del Norte, Cajamarca, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42923333"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043462151","display_name":"Jimy Oblitas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7652-6672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766328","display_name":"Universitat de Lleida","ror":"https://ror.org/050c3cw24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimy Oblitas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda de Alimentos, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain","Departamento de Tecnolog&#x00ED;a de Alimentos, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda de Alimentos, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Tecnolog&#x00ED;a de Alimentos, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088714016","display_name":"Miguel De\u2010la\u2010Torre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0937-5656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193181351","display_name":"Universidad de Guadalajara","ror":"https://ror.org/043xj7k26","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel De-La-Torre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ameca, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ameca, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076323567","display_name":"Carlos Cotrina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42923333","display_name":"Private University of the North","ror":"https://ror.org/05t6q2334","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42923333"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Cotrina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Privada del Norte, Cajamarca, Peru"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Privada del Norte, Cajamarca, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42923333"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026427014","display_name":"Karen Baz\u00e1n","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42923333","display_name":"Private University of the North","ror":"https://ror.org/05t6q2334","country_code":"PE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42923333"]}],"countries":["PE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen Bazan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Privada del Norte, Cajamarca, Peru"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Privada del Norte, Cajamarca, Peru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42923333"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064239706","display_name":"Himer \u00c1vila-George","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-0170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193181351","display_name":"Universidad de Guadalajara","ror":"https://ror.org/043xj7k26","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Himer Avila-George","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ameca, Mexico","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-0170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ameca, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193181351"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.5684,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":168,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99294747,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"27389","last_page":"27400"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ripeness","display_name":"Ripeness","score":0.9228876829147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7272581458091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6004082560539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5522499084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5327698588371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5105308294296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42086875438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ripening","display_name":"Ripening","score":0.3914520740509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33163005113601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horticulture","display_name":"Horticulture","score":0.18035167455673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.06218850612640381}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780393073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7335586","display_name":"Ripeness","level":3,"score":0.9228876829147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7272581458091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6004082560539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5522499084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5327698588371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5105308294296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42086875438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172353545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2121926","display_name":"Ripening","level":2,"score":0.3914520740509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33163005113601685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.18035167455673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06218850612640381}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2898223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898223","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08657936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c392b158903d47fbbab380210276b661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c392b158903d47fbbab380210276b661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 27389-27400 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:recercat.cat:10459.1/66401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/66401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402147","display_name":"RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210090028","host_organization_name":"Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090028"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2898223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898223","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08657936.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W626802116","https://openalex.org/W1467531035","https://openalex.org/W1830142008","https://openalex.org/W1837171585","https://openalex.org/W1967763172","https://openalex.org/W1973396447","https://openalex.org/W1979061444","https://openalex.org/W1983097586","https://openalex.org/W1986829336","https://openalex.org/W1988461448","https://openalex.org/W1995210144","https://openalex.org/W2001793398","https://openalex.org/W2002129750","https://openalex.org/W2002406558","https://openalex.org/W2005013675","https://openalex.org/W2007020941","https://openalex.org/W2018528099","https://openalex.org/W2019115728","https://openalex.org/W2023962114","https://openalex.org/W2026606622","https://openalex.org/W2033963886","https://openalex.org/W2049887470","https://openalex.org/W2059697858","https://openalex.org/W2064242384","https://openalex.org/W2072600888","https://openalex.org/W2075017647","https://openalex.org/W2077945224","https://openalex.org/W2080430926","https://openalex.org/W2081244766","https://openalex.org/W2083132747","https://openalex.org/W2092030315","https://openalex.org/W2092439091","https://openalex.org/W2116095207","https://openalex.org/W2125283600","https://openalex.org/W2144898326","https://openalex.org/W2145106362","https://openalex.org/W2148138104","https://openalex.org/W2159526182","https://openalex.org/W2268875920","https://openalex.org/W2283432975","https://openalex.org/W2296536952","https://openalex.org/W2327503595","https://openalex.org/W2487121843","https://openalex.org/W2492133633","https://openalex.org/W2499743036","https://openalex.org/W2587312291","https://openalex.org/W2609916160","https://openalex.org/W2613549517","https://openalex.org/W2767534505","https://openalex.org/W2771694155","https://openalex.org/W3020885532","https://openalex.org/W3201024456","https://openalex.org/W4297957988","https://openalex.org/W6677273143","https://openalex.org/W6735736423","https://openalex.org/W6801552128"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2395543297","https://openalex.org/W2163911526","https://openalex.org/W2012057384","https://openalex.org/W4385413143","https://openalex.org/W4210897843","https://openalex.org/W2564182090","https://openalex.org/W4386888722","https://openalex.org/W2588360888","https://openalex.org/W2185558445","https://openalex.org/W2589360611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,160,221],"classification":[1,56,71,200,218],"of":[2,26,64,69,90,97,150,158,163,201,240,250,256,262],"fresh":[3],"fruits":[4,204],"according":[5,154],"to":[6,29,79,87,124,127,155,196,211],"their":[7,125,173,206],"visual":[8],"ripeness":[9,207],"is":[10,19,85],"typically":[11],"a":[12,20,81,184],"subjective":[13],"and":[14,47,102,115,142,172,181,216,231,244],"tedious":[15],"task;":[16],"consequently,":[17],"there":[18],"growing":[21],"interest":[22],"in":[23,58,167,188],"the":[24,59,67,95,168,197,199,213,217,225,232,236,241,245,254,257,260],"use":[25],"non-contact":[27],"techniques":[28,101],"automate":[30],"this":[31,93,133],"process.":[32],"Machine":[33],"learning":[34,100],"techniques,":[35],"such":[36],"as":[37],"artificial":[38],"neural":[39],"networks,":[40],"support":[41],"vector":[42],"machines":[43],"(SVMs),":[44],"decision":[45],"trees,":[46],"K-nearest":[48],"neighbor":[49],"algorithms,":[50],"have":[51],"been":[52],"successfully":[53],"applied":[54],"for":[55,62,179],"problems":[57],"literature,":[60],"particularly":[61],"images":[63],"fruit.":[65,91],"However,":[66],"particularities":[68],"each":[70,143,164],"problem":[72],"make":[73],"it":[74],"difficult,":[75],"if":[76],"not":[77],"impossible,":[78],"select":[80],"general":[82],"technique":[83,219],"that":[84],"applicable":[86],"all":[88],"types":[89],"In":[92],"paper,":[94],"combinations":[96],"four":[98],"machine":[99],"three":[103,169],"color":[104,161,170,214,229,242,251],"spaces":[105,171,252],"(":[106],"<italic":[107,111,116,226],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[108,112,117,227],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">RGB</i>":[109],",":[110,114],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">HSV</i>":[113],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">L*a*b*</i>":[118,228],")":[119],"were":[120,140,177],"evaluated":[121],"with":[122],"regard":[123],"ability":[126],"classify":[128],"Cape":[129,136,202],"gooseberry":[130,137,203],"fruits.":[131],"To":[132],"end,":[134],"925":[135],"fruit":[138,144,165],"samples":[139],"collected,":[141],"was":[145,209],"manually":[146],"classified":[147],"into":[148],"one":[149],"seven":[151],"different":[152],"classes":[153],"its":[156],"level":[157,208],"ripeness.":[159],"values":[162],"image":[166],"corresponding":[174],"ripening":[175],"stages":[176],"organized":[178],"training":[180],"validation":[182],"following":[183],"fivefold":[185],"cross-validation":[186],"strategy":[187],"an":[189],"iterative":[190],"process":[191],"repeated":[192],"100":[193],"times.":[194],"According":[195],"results,":[198],"by":[205],"sensitive":[210],"both":[212],"space":[215,230],"used.":[220],"models":[222,258],"based":[223],"on":[224],"SVM":[233],"classifier":[234],"showed":[235],"highest":[237],"f-measure":[238],"regardless":[239],"space,":[243],"principal":[246],"component":[247],"analysis":[248],"combination":[249],"improved":[253],"performance":[255],"at":[259],"expense":[261],"increased":[263],"complexity.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-05T07:55:05.734416","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
