{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912930019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896303","title":"An Accurate and Robust Gaze Estimation Method Based on Maximum Correntropy Criterion","display_name":"An Accurate and Robust Gaze Estimation Method Based on Maximum Correntropy Criterion","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912930019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896303","mag":"2912930019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2896303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896303","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629993.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629993.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024881484","display_name":"Ben Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5970-1723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006736414","display_name":"Xuetao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-1488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuetao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-1488","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077206636","display_name":"Zhongchang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongchang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044668212","display_name":"Shaoyi Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-0596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoyi Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455958","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3462-8472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1653,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46215357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"23291","last_page":"23302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6902027130126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6112602949142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5704874396324158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5003468990325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5002892017364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.41727983951568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3346535563468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0651957094669342}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6902027130126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6112602949142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5704874396324158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5003468990325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5002892017364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.41727983951568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3346535563468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0651957094669342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2896303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896303","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629993.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77d97db61ee04a56aca14c3df4e6cc8a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77d97db61ee04a56aca14c3df4e6cc8a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 23291-23302 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2896303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896303","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629993.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3356500346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0803905","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912930019.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912930019.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488058350","https://openalex.org/W1946259682","https://openalex.org/W1948843088","https://openalex.org/W1980907873","https://openalex.org/W1982091553","https://openalex.org/W2001252859","https://openalex.org/W2001619934","https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2034382626","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2065973527","https://openalex.org/W2069631400","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2105899846","https://openalex.org/W2108840547","https://openalex.org/W2112547031","https://openalex.org/W2112731937","https://openalex.org/W2129287653","https://openalex.org/W2135160607","https://openalex.org/W2137823674","https://openalex.org/W2139196511","https://openalex.org/W2145316937","https://openalex.org/W2158363907","https://openalex.org/W2161356956","https://openalex.org/W2166329520","https://openalex.org/W2166964954","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2167453047","https://openalex.org/W2235581571","https://openalex.org/W2399703712","https://openalex.org/W2501364065","https://openalex.org/W2606582912","https://openalex.org/W2963134661","https://openalex.org/W3024853581","https://openalex.org/W3106262690","https://openalex.org/W4230367971","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W6640564649","https://openalex.org/W6640779376","https://openalex.org/W6645744275","https://openalex.org/W6676086432","https://openalex.org/W6676750203","https://openalex.org/W6781870204"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W1563178652","https://openalex.org/W2947492009","https://openalex.org/W2385108104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"estimating":[1],"the":[2,34,38,50,67,75,82,112,116,122,126,138,155,173],"user's":[3],"gaze":[4,21,40,84,94,117,160,192],"is":[5,150],"important":[6],"in":[7,37,42,166,180,191],"many":[8,31],"applications,":[9],"such":[10,58],"as":[11,59],"human-computer":[12],"interaction.":[13],"Due":[14],"to":[15,48,104,152],"great":[16],"convenience,":[17],"appearance-based":[18,39],"methods":[19],"for":[20,30,93,142,159],"estimation":[22,41,95],"have":[23],"been":[24],"a":[25,43,71,88,97,167],"popular":[26],"subject":[27],"of":[28,131],"research":[29],"years.":[32],"However,":[33],"greatest":[35],"challenges":[36],"desktop":[44,168],"environment":[45],"are":[46],"how":[47],"simplify":[49],"calibration":[51],"process":[52],"and":[53,62,81,86,90,108,115,178,188],"deal":[54],"with":[55,96,182],"other":[56],"issues":[57],"image":[60,78],"noise":[61],"low":[63],"resolution.":[64],"To":[65],"address":[66],"problems,":[68],"we":[69,100,120],"adopt":[70],"mapping":[72],"relationship":[73],"between":[74,111],"high-dimensional":[76],"eye":[77],"features":[79],"space":[80,114],"low-dimensional":[83],"positions":[85],"propose":[87],"robust":[89,177],"accurate":[91],"method":[92,175],"webcam.":[98],"First,":[99],"utilize":[101],"Kullback-Leibler":[102],"divergence":[103],"reduce":[105],"feature":[106,113],"dimension":[107],"keep":[109],"similarity":[110],"space.":[118],"Then,":[119],"construct":[121],"objective":[123],"function":[124],"using":[125],"maximum":[127],"correntropy":[128],"criterion":[129],"instead":[130],"mean":[132],"squared":[133],"error,":[134],"which":[135,170],"can":[136],"enhance":[137],"anti-noise":[139],"ability,":[140],"especially":[141],"outliers":[143],"or":[144],"pixel":[145,186],"corruption.":[146],"A":[147],"regularization":[148],"term":[149],"adopted":[151],"adaptively":[153],"select":[154],"sparse":[156,183],"training":[157,184],"samples":[158],"estimation.":[161,193],"We":[162],"conducted":[163],"extensive":[164],"experiments":[165],"environment,":[169],"verified":[171],"that":[172],"proposed":[174],"was":[176],"efficient":[179],"dealing":[181],"samples,":[185],"corruption,":[187],"low-resolution":[189],"problems":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
