{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2913710779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896204","title":"Coefficient-of-Performance Analyses for Light-Emitting-Diode Cycles Resembling Carnot Heat Pumps","display_name":"Coefficient-of-Performance Analyses for Light-Emitting-Diode Cycles Resembling Carnot Heat Pumps","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2913710779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896204","mag":"2913710779"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2896204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896204","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08630004.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08630004.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101872030","display_name":"Jihong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8571-8104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jihong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8571-8104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088462559","display_name":"Tien\u2010Mo Shih","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tienmo Shih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianming Physics Research Institute, Changtai, Fujian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianming Physics Research Institute, Changtai, Fujian, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101872030"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01281152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"18764","last_page":"18771"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14363","display_name":"Optical properties and cooling technologies in crystalline materials","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14363","display_name":"Optical properties and cooling technologies in crystalline materials","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12442","display_name":"Thermal Radiation and Cooling Technologies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carnot-cycle","display_name":"Carnot cycle","score":0.872357964515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diode","display_name":"Diode","score":0.5480431318283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.46718648076057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4120444357395172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38961729407310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3754848539829254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3226773142814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.28655925393104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.22392815351486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11471936106681824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119104473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188910","display_name":"Carnot cycle","level":2,"score":0.872357964515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.5480431318283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46718648076057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4120444357395172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38961729407310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3754848539829254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3226773142814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.28655925393104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.22392815351486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11471936106681824}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2896204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896204","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08630004.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b58f7f051bb6443c87fd4bc48138be8a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b58f7f051bb6443c87fd4bc48138be8a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 18764-18771 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2896204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896204","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08630004.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9200000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1134349619","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016R0091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2334524088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61504112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2792187639","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11604285","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3918299272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2016FQ11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G562281241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2016FQ11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2913710779.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2913710779.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1615636903","https://openalex.org/W1886609033","https://openalex.org/W1973536295","https://openalex.org/W1987024829","https://openalex.org/W1988915862","https://openalex.org/W1994715177","https://openalex.org/W2034186025","https://openalex.org/W2045523052","https://openalex.org/W2050291260","https://openalex.org/W2052071309","https://openalex.org/W2054996043","https://openalex.org/W2072864928","https://openalex.org/W2081577711","https://openalex.org/W2089503220","https://openalex.org/W2474277073","https://openalex.org/W2780572357","https://openalex.org/W2798656660","https://openalex.org/W2866468308","https://openalex.org/W2892333054","https://openalex.org/W2979925632","https://openalex.org/W2995793912","https://openalex.org/W4210600994","https://openalex.org/W4233449613","https://openalex.org/W4298898028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W149226531","https://openalex.org/W2752191822","https://openalex.org/W2963708231","https://openalex.org/W2027184870","https://openalex.org/W1969290452","https://openalex.org/W2339469009","https://openalex.org/W2368768236","https://openalex.org/W1751111204","https://openalex.org/W4241151727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Designing":[0],"the":[1,34,39,51,62,77,80,83,97,106,110,116,129,182,189,198],"light-emitting":[2],"diodes":[3],"(LEDs)":[4],"that":[5],"yield":[6],"maximal":[7,111],"coefficients":[8],"of":[9,87,105,167,179,207],"performance":[10],"(\u03be":[11],"<sub":[12,124,133,139,146,151,155],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[13,125,134,140,147,152,156],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">max</sub>":[14,141],")":[15,127],"subject":[16],"to":[17,56,60,69,76,205],"prescribed":[18],"electrical":[19,52,98,121,183],"powers":[20],"constitutes":[21],"a":[22,103],"desirable":[23],"and":[24,38,66,93,191,210],"challenging":[25],"task.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28,201],"paper,":[29],"via":[30],"an":[31],"analogy":[32],"between":[33],"reverse":[35],"Carnot":[36],"cycle":[37],"LED":[40,58,81,117],"cycle,":[41],"we":[42],"have":[43],"identified":[44],"two":[45],"distinctive":[46],"situations.":[47],"Under":[48,159],"normal":[49],"operations,":[50],"power":[53,113,122,131],"is":[54,67,74,142,194],"supplied":[55],"allow":[57],"electrons":[59],"overcome":[61],"p/n":[63],"junction":[64],"barrier":[65],"converted":[68],"thermal":[70,88,170],"energy":[71,89,171,208],"rate,":[72],"which":[73],"dissipated":[75],"surroundings.":[78],"Meanwhile,":[79],"absorbs":[82],"very":[84],"small":[85],"amount":[86],"rate":[90],"(approximately":[91],"zero":[92],"much":[94],"smaller":[95],"than":[96],"power)":[99],"from":[100,173],"surroundings":[101],"as":[102,144,181],"result":[104],"Peltier":[107],"effect.":[108],"Therefore,":[109],"light":[112],"emitted":[114],"by":[115],"must":[118],"not":[119],"exceed":[120,188],"(P":[123,145],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ele</sub>":[126,148,157],"minus":[128],"barrier-overcoming":[130],"(IV":[132],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">net</sub>":[135,153],").":[136],"Subsequently,":[137],"\u03be":[138],"obtained":[143],"-":[149],"IV":[150],")/P":[154],".":[158],"relatively":[160],"unusual":[161],"situations":[162],"when":[163],"LEDs":[164],"are":[165],"capable":[166],"absorbing":[168],"sufficient":[169],"rates":[172],"surrounding":[174],"reservoirs":[175],"(the":[176],"same":[177],"order":[178],"magnitude":[180],"power),":[184],"\u03bemax":[185],"can":[186],"possibly":[187],"unity,":[190],"its":[192],"expression":[193],"theoretically":[195],"derived":[196],"in":[197],"text.":[199],"Fundamentally,":[200],"paper":[202],"may":[203],"contribute":[204],"areas":[206],"saving":[209],"light-power":[211],"illumination.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}