{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905867785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896108","title":"A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management in Blockchain Networks","display_name":"A Survey on Consensus Mechanisms and Mining Strategy Management in Blockchain Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905867785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896108","mag":"2905867785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2896108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896108","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629877.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629877.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046054684","display_name":"Wenbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7500-8723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007992576","display_name":"Dinh Thai Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-0863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinh Thai Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090846864","display_name":"Peizhao Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7260-6325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peizhao Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005327587","display_name":"Zehui Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4440-941X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehui Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338634","display_name":"Ping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1599-5480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041572550","display_name":"Yonggang Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-5114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonggang Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022649488","display_name":"Dong In Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7711-8072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong In Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7711-8072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":228.1869,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":996,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99999091,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"22328","last_page":"22370"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9351999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9598312377929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6270769834518433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.41714349389076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33104413747787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3227473497390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27975893020629883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9598312377929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6270769834518433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.41714349389076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33104413747787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3227473497390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27975893020629883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2896108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896108","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629877.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1805.02707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.02707","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.02707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:47dd609b6f064ffab10348113b78dea0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/47dd609b6f064ffab10348113b78dea0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 22328-22370 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/105987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/105987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/133358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/133358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2896108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2896108","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629877.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G308183494","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2017EWT-EP003-041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G335913658","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2017EWT-EP003-023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4237835357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE2014-T2-2-015 ARC4/15","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4480975404","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2017EWT-EP003-041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4843821867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017R1A2B2003953","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5558773909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2015-NRF-ISF001-2277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5862474827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2017EWT-EP003-041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320743","funder_display_name":"Energy Market Authority of Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7470777585","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2015-NRF-ISF001-2277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8781034816","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G908794652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE2014-T2-2-015 ARC4/15","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320743","display_name":"Energy Market Authority of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/05tqbd879"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","display_name":"Israel Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04sazxf24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335839","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2905867785.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2905867785.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":285,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24359677","https://openalex.org/W178666261","https://openalex.org/W185290757","https://openalex.org/W656369140","https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1175656452","https://openalex.org/W1422351985","https://openalex.org/W1520914943","https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W1532795753","https://openalex.org/W1546886278","https://openalex.org/W1548701190","https://openalex.org/W1579912628","https://openalex.org/W1581121707","https://openalex.org/W1589034595","https://openalex.org/W1597159947","https://openalex.org/W1600255172","https://openalex.org/W1603565383","https://openalex.org/W1792243566","https://openalex.org/W1819513546","https://openalex.org/W1820692873","https://openalex.org/W1836078613","https://openalex.org/W1907293129","https://openalex.org/W1972614536","https://openalex.org/W1978649650","https://openalex.org/W2014865563","https://openalex.org/W2029091717","https://openalex.org/W2040325382","https://openalex.org/W2047000063","https://openalex.org/W2048642037","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2066462806","https://openalex.org/W2077779737","https://openalex.org/W2079493184","https://openalex.org/W2092068344","https://openalex.org/W2098104887","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2119245106","https://openalex.org/W2122182632","https://openalex.org/W2126377116","https://openalex.org/W2126924915","https://openalex.org/W2127612127","https://openalex.org/W2129763443","https://openalex.org/W2131817624","https://openalex.org/W2139659159","https://openalex.org/W2142358564","https://openalex.org/W2146509753","https://openalex.org/W2152465173","https://openalex.org/W2156528695","https://openalex.org/W2163674608","https://openalex.org/W2171337840","https://openalex.org/W2182035090","https://openalex.org/W2183126124","https://openalex.org/W2186693638","https://openalex.org/W2188530018","https://openalex.org/W2219152866","https://openalex.org/W2231944250","https://openalex.org/W2273223219","https://openalex.org/W2281208003","https://openalex.org/W2295318496","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2295804537","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2335755599","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2399579591","https://openalex.org/W2400829371","https://openalex.org/W2401604425","https://openalex.org/W2408417311","https://openalex.org/W2410750382","https://openalex.org/W2413522668","https://openalex.org/W2430860929","https://openalex.org/W2486460265","https://openalex.org/W2508573783","https://openalex.org/W2510870386","https://openalex.org/W2511446761","https://openalex.org/W2511778167","https://openalex.org/W2513903144","https://openalex.org/W2514172418","https://openalex.org/W2514290474","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2530417694","https://openalex.org/W2531399364","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2536916975","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2547676993","https://openalex.org/W2548652970","https://openalex.org/W2550653362","https://openalex.org/W2553066882","https://openalex.org/W2553854225","https://openalex.org/W2563081209","https://openalex.org/W2563213633","https://openalex.org/W2567666263","https://openalex.org/W2571698069","https://openalex.org/W2572842409","https://openalex.org/W2573050643","https://openalex.org/W2579433393","https://openalex.org/W2584364557","https://openalex.org/W2584454765","https://openalex.org/W2588977989","https://openalex.org/W2591964245","https://openalex.org/W2593801198","https://openalex.org/W2594834126","https://openalex.org/W2601306580","https://openalex.org/W2604248381","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2605243319","https://openalex.org/W2606170298","https://openalex.org/W2611626082","https://openalex.org/W2613387059","https://openalex.org/W2619984247","https://openalex.org/W2620284884","https://openalex.org/W2623080722","https://openalex.org/W2624307925","https://openalex.org/W2625217561","https://openalex.org/W2717184009","https://openalex.org/W2724474800","https://openalex.org/W2726001757","https://openalex.org/W2727841152","https://openalex.org/W2729396025","https://openalex.org/W2730380569","https://openalex.org/W2738998763","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2741347857","https://openalex.org/W2741516124","https://openalex.org/W2741908162","https://openalex.org/W2742047516","https://openalex.org/W2746553616","https://openalex.org/W2749247755","https://openalex.org/W2751350604","https://openalex.org/W2752685521","https://openalex.org/W2753105118","https://openalex.org/W2753581993","https://openalex.org/W2754620430","https://openalex.org/W2756029433","https://openalex.org/W2757817063","https://openalex.org/W2759621428","https://openalex.org/W2760630819","https://openalex.org/W2762888877","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2765443683","https://openalex.org/W2766140750","https://openalex.org/W2766209351","https://openalex.org/W2766409875","https://openalex.org/W2766783464","https://openalex.org/W2767855054","https://openalex.org/W2769081053","https://openalex.org/W2769218926","https://openalex.org/W2770642204","https://openalex.org/W2771552024","https://openalex.org/W2771747728","https://openalex.org/W2773498067","https://openalex.org/W2774627213","https://openalex.org/W2774909858","https://openalex.org/W2775178102","https://openalex.org/W2777447168","https://openalex.org/W2779140135","https://openalex.org/W2780153133","https://openalex.org/W2782415415","https://openalex.org/W2783147858","https://openalex.org/W2783354355","https://openalex.org/W2783808332","https://openalex.org/W2783979481","https://openalex.org/W2784814774","https://openalex.org/W2790588927","https://openalex.org/W2791307302","https://openalex.org/W2792035477","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2795222609","https://openalex.org/W2795295812","https://openalex.org/W2795991327","https://openalex.org/W2797816609","https://openalex.org/W2798422890","https://openalex.org/W2799891711","https://openalex.org/W2803109435","https://openalex.org/W2803241710","https://openalex.org/W2807754666","https://openalex.org/W2876503617","https://openalex.org/W2883125028","https://openalex.org/W2884910772","https://openalex.org/W2885871288","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2886722183","https://openalex.org/W2888442703","https://openalex.org/W2888849313","https://openalex.org/W2891855426","https://openalex.org/W2891903667","https://openalex.org/W2891930034","https://openalex.org/W2893088686","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2903014373","https://openalex.org/W2941724816","https://openalex.org/W2949557841","https://openalex.org/W2949955817","https://openalex.org/W2950300692","https://openalex.org/W2951138026","https://openalex.org/W2951147080","https://openalex.org/W2951280401","https://openalex.org/W2951676919","https://openalex.org/W2952487131","https://openalex.org/W2953008728","https://openalex.org/W2954034773","https://openalex.org/W2962752791","https://openalex.org/W2962837608","https://openalex.org/W2962966569","https://openalex.org/W2963159546","https://openalex.org/W2963403391","https://openalex.org/W2963507231","https://openalex.org/W2963517786","https://openalex.org/W2963666161","https://openalex.org/W2963775744","https://openalex.org/W2963840171","https://openalex.org/W2963929166","https://openalex.org/W2964224358","https://openalex.org/W2964247343","https://openalex.org/W2964248614","https://openalex.org/W2964262836","https://openalex.org/W2971052312","https://openalex.org/W2982003166","https://openalex.org/W3029199802","https://openalex.org/W3029485071","https://openalex.org/W3123528008","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3202227545","https://openalex.org/W4230286376","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4255535209","https://openalex.org/W4298324381","https://openalex.org/W4300438730","https://openalex.org/W4300508572","https://openalex.org/W4405432346","https://openalex.org/W6607313614","https://openalex.org/W6607560849","https://openalex.org/W6623621951","https://openalex.org/W6631441790","https://openalex.org/W6632760396","https://openalex.org/W6632830693","https://openalex.org/W6634836523","https://openalex.org/W6635298198","https://openalex.org/W6635796257","https://openalex.org/W6638083042","https://openalex.org/W6638505603","https://openalex.org/W6638759726","https://openalex.org/W6678700732","https://openalex.org/W6681523319","https://openalex.org/W6685807058","https://openalex.org/W6685985903","https://openalex.org/W6686748917","https://openalex.org/W6686884436","https://openalex.org/W6693910520","https://openalex.org/W6697743856","https://openalex.org/W6712657342","https://openalex.org/W6713961486","https://openalex.org/W6714240215","https://openalex.org/W6725506005","https://openalex.org/W6725673789","https://openalex.org/W6725730414","https://openalex.org/W6725744970","https://openalex.org/W6728970796","https://openalex.org/W6731744860","https://openalex.org/W6731874176","https://openalex.org/W6733166632","https://openalex.org/W6735893493","https://openalex.org/W6736162206","https://openalex.org/W6737373056","https://openalex.org/W6741928516","https://openalex.org/W6744237680","https://openalex.org/W6744684058","https://openalex.org/W6745833317","https://openalex.org/W6745882991","https://openalex.org/W6746873430","https://openalex.org/W6747048825","https://openalex.org/W6749652372","https://openalex.org/W6749679082","https://openalex.org/W6750747424","https://openalex.org/W6750793552","https://openalex.org/W6753449531","https://openalex.org/W6753488275","https://openalex.org/W6753830283","https://openalex.org/W6754914456","https://openalex.org/W6755271376","https://openalex.org/W6755342462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3098545956"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,23],"past":[1],"decade":[2],"has":[3,12],"witnessed":[4],"the":[5,18,29,64,76,90,98,116,123,136,144,152,171,177,181,192,211,224,231],"rapid":[6],"evolution":[7],"in":[8,58,104,129,180,198,209,223],"blockchain":[9,24,83,105,119,130,182,196,228],"technologies,":[10],"which":[11],"attracted":[13],"tremendous":[14],"interests":[15],"from":[16,28],"both":[17,143],"research":[19,234],"communities":[20],"and":[21,55,70,151,230],"industries.":[22],"network":[25],"was":[26],"originated":[27],"Internet":[30],"financial":[31],"sector":[32],"as":[33,47],"a":[34,48,93,112,159,167,188,199],"decentralized,":[35],"immutable":[36],"ledger":[37],"system":[38,149],"for":[39,51,174,227],"transactional":[40],"data":[41,53],"ordering.":[42],"Nowadays,":[43],"it":[44],"is":[45,87,140],"envisioned":[46],"powerful":[49],"backbone/framework":[50],"decentralized":[52,78,101,127],"processing":[54],"data-driven":[56],"self-organization":[57,71,175],"flat,":[59],"open-access":[60],"networks.":[61,84,106,120,184],"In":[62,107],"particular,":[63],"plausible":[65],"characteristics":[66,125],"of":[67,92,100,115,118,126,135,146,154,162,170,191,195,202],"decentralization,":[68],"immutability,":[69],"are":[72],"primarily":[73],"owing":[74],"to":[75],"unique":[77,124],"consensus":[79,102,128,138,148,212,229],"mechanisms":[80,103,213],"introduced":[81],"by":[82,89,176],"This":[85],"survey":[86,190],"motivated":[88],"lack":[91],"comprehensive":[94,189],"literature":[95],"review":[96,134,169],"on":[97,142],"development":[99],"this":[108],"paper,":[109],"we":[110,164,186,218],"provide":[111,166,187],"systematic":[113],"vision":[114],"organization":[117],"By":[121],"emphasizing":[122],"networks,":[131],"our":[132,206],"in-depth":[133],"state-of-the-art":[137],"protocols":[139],"focused":[141],"perspective":[145,153],"distributed":[147],"design":[150,226],"incentive":[155],"mechanism":[156],"design.":[157],"From":[158],"game-theoretic":[160],"point":[161],"view,":[163],"also":[165],"thorough":[168],"strategy":[172],"adopted":[173],"individual":[178],"nodes":[179],"backbone":[183],"Consequently,":[185],"emerging":[193],"applications":[194],"networks":[197],"broad":[200],"area":[201],"telecommunication.":[203],"We":[204],"highlight":[205],"special":[207],"interest":[208],"how":[210],"impact":[214],"these":[215],"applications.":[216],"Finally,":[217],"discuss":[219],"several":[220],"open":[221],"issues":[222],"protocol":[225],"related":[232],"potential":[233],"directions.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":96},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":114},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":151},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":173},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":198},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":161},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}