{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2913334908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2895751","title":"Detecting Malicious URLs via a Keyword-Based Convolutional Gated-Recurrent-Unit Neural Network","display_name":"Detecting Malicious URLs via a Keyword-Based Convolutional Gated-Recurrent-Unit Neural Network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2913334908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2895751","mag":"2913334908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2895751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2895751","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629082.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629082.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089151641","display_name":"Wenchuan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenchuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101755953","display_name":"Wen Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7137-8014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7137-8014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084818732","display_name":"Baojiang Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6937-4068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baojiang Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089151641"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":19.0406,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99228007,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"29891","last_page":"29900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.882178783416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6567584276199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-site-scripting","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","score":0.6295337677001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.4412344694137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43346360325813293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4288051128387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.42457252740859985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.4186314642429352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application-security","display_name":"Web application security","score":0.3962276577949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3818710446357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37457776069641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3569764792919159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.254386305809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.22052136063575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-development","display_name":"Web development","score":0.12622925639152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09599575400352478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.882178783416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6567584276199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39569185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371199","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","level":5,"score":0.6295337677001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.4412344694137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43346360325813293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4288051128387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.42457252740859985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.4186314642429352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.3962276577949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3818710446357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37457776069641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3569764792919159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.254386305809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.22052136063575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.12622925639152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09599575400352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2895751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2895751","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629082.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:60e1a35caa7e4f0b8a624eccb9476fe5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/60e1a35caa7e4f0b8a624eccb9476fe5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 29891-29900 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2895751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2895751","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08629082.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1984721189","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61502536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6678238343","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1536122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2913334908.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2913334908.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1815076433","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1985920648","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2146729596","https://openalex.org/W2160353917","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2172140247","https://openalex.org/W2216973458","https://openalex.org/W2284289336","https://openalex.org/W2321446074","https://openalex.org/W2413904250","https://openalex.org/W2580641941","https://openalex.org/W2592440977","https://openalex.org/W2625935159","https://openalex.org/W2745040938","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2888458087","https://openalex.org/W2895148565","https://openalex.org/W2949541494","https://openalex.org/W2963012544","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W4240381657","https://openalex.org/W4302282827","https://openalex.org/W6638545294","https://openalex.org/W6684212199","https://openalex.org/W6685053522"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548409577","https://openalex.org/W1531015913","https://openalex.org/W3129846904","https://openalex.org/W3180404666","https://openalex.org/W2407701912","https://openalex.org/W1484631816","https://openalex.org/W2167752994","https://openalex.org/W2907218437","https://openalex.org/W2181766705","https://openalex.org/W4245700610"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,30,52,77,85,107,148,157,188],"continuous":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,16,25,32,89,109,132,147,197],"Web":[5,33,205,215],"attacks,":[6],"many":[7],"web":[8,36,59,90],"applications":[9,91],"have":[10],"been":[11,29],"suffering":[12],"from":[13],"various":[14,58],"forms":[15],"security":[17,23,88,216,223],"threats":[18],"and":[19,65,87,140,211],"network":[20,105,173],"attacks.":[21],"The":[22,165,195],"detection":[24,108,112,174],"URLs":[26,111,133,202],"has":[27,208],"always":[28],"focus":[31],"security.":[34],"Many":[35],"application":[37],"resources":[38],"can":[39,56],"be":[40],"accessed":[41],"by":[42,68,92],"simply":[43],"entering":[44],"an":[45],"URL":[46],"or":[47,72],"clicking":[48],"a":[49,100,128,141],"link":[50],"in":[51,145,161],"browser.":[53],"An":[54],"attacker":[55],"construct":[57],"attacks":[60],"such":[61],"as":[62,116],"SQL,":[63],"XSS,":[64],"information":[66],"disclosure":[67],"embedding":[69],"executable":[70],"code":[71,75],"injecting":[73],"malicious":[74,95,110,122,136],"into":[76],"URL.":[78],"Therefore,":[79],"it":[80],"is":[81,138,143,176,192],"necessary":[82],"to":[83,126,152,200,203],"improve":[84],"reliability":[86],"accurately":[93],"detecting":[94],"URLs.":[96],"This":[97],"paper":[98],"designs":[99],"convolutional":[101],"gated-recurrent-unit":[102],"(GRU)":[103],"neural":[104,172],"for":[106,179,214,221],"based":[113,134],"on":[114,135,156],"characters":[115],"text":[117],"classification":[118,181,186],"features.":[119],"Considering":[120],"that":[121,169],"keywords":[123,137],"are":[124],"unique":[125],"URLs,":[127],"feature":[129,154],"representation":[130],"method":[131],"proposed,":[139],"GRU":[142],"used":[144],"place":[146],"original":[149],"pooling":[150],"layer":[151],"perform":[153],"acquisition":[155],"time":[158],"dimension,":[159],"resulting":[160],"high-accuracy":[162],"multicategory":[163],"results.":[164],"experimental":[166],"results":[167],"show":[168],"our":[170],"proposed":[171],"model":[175,189],"very":[177],"suitable":[178],"high-precision":[180],"tasks.":[182],"Compared":[183],"with":[184],"other":[185],"models,":[187],"accuracy":[190],"rate":[191],"above":[193],"99.6%.":[194],"use":[196],"deep":[198],"learning":[199],"classify":[201],"identify":[204],"visitors'":[206],"intentions":[207],"important":[209],"theoretical":[210],"scientific":[212],"values":[213],"research,":[217],"providing":[218],"new":[219],"ideas":[220],"intelligent":[222],"detection.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-26T13:28:51.108037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
