{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2913188442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2894006","title":"Feature Learning and Analysis for Cleanliness Classification in Restrooms","display_name":"Feature Learning and Analysis for Cleanliness Classification in Restrooms","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2913188442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2894006","mag":"2913188442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2894006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2894006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2894006","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060598893","display_name":"Lahiru Jayasinghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9859-8228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lahiru Jayasinghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUTD-MIT International Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUTD-MIT International Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068689884","display_name":"Nipun Wijerathne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nipun Wijerathne","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUTD-MIT International Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUTD-MIT International Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060020877","display_name":"Chau Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUTD-MIT International Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUTD-MIT International Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437809","display_name":"Meng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National ASIC System Engineering Technology Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National ASIC System Engineering Technology Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060598893"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.3238,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83800065,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"14871","last_page":"14882"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8346334099769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6709222793579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6561964750289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6094120144844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.5088112950325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4996483325958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4712030589580536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4645412266254425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4548022449016571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44881054759025574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.352675199508667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8346334099769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6709222793579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6561964750289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6094120144844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.5088112950325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4996483325958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4712030589580536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4645412266254425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4548022449016571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44881054759025574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.352675199508667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2894006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2894006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f9ebe4b5e3374c2185b3a62a49a6ad5a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f9ebe4b5e3374c2185b3a62a49a6ad5a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 14871-14882 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2894006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2894006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606858007","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1808256548","https://openalex.org/W2036718463","https://openalex.org/W2090042335","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2113606819","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2119605622","https://openalex.org/W2128154306","https://openalex.org/W2130972944","https://openalex.org/W2145072179","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162491638","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2179352600","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2336525064","https://openalex.org/W2750936674","https://openalex.org/W2777186991","https://openalex.org/W2883781843","https://openalex.org/W2892279525","https://openalex.org/W2907673563","https://openalex.org/W2963876951","https://openalex.org/W4299518610","https://openalex.org/W6636412649","https://openalex.org/W6638482740","https://openalex.org/W6676338569","https://openalex.org/W6676903177","https://openalex.org/W6681554747","https://openalex.org/W6682132143","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6684281289","https://openalex.org/W6703326205"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W1975632186","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W972276598","https://openalex.org/W2087343574","https://openalex.org/W4246352526"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,31,41,62,70,94],"revamp":[3],"the":[4,8,24,32,43,64,96,114,117,122,140],"cleaning":[5],"contract":[6],"from":[7],"head-count":[9],"basis":[10],"into":[11],"a":[12,15,67,89,109,134,144],"performance":[13],"basis,":[14],"fair":[16],"and":[17,76,88],"unbiased":[18],"cleanliness":[19,27,65],"classification":[20],"is":[21,28,36],"necessary.":[22],"However,":[23],"perception":[25],"of":[26,50,66,116,143],"very":[29],"subjective":[30],"observer.":[33],"Hence,":[34],"it":[35],"not":[37],"an":[38,48,82],"easy":[39],"task":[40],"quantify":[42],"cleanliness.":[44],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"presents":[47],"application":[49,83],"principal":[51],"component":[52],"analysis":[53,92],"(PCA)":[54],"in":[55],"conjunction":[56],"with":[57,121],"convolutional":[58],"neural":[59],"networks":[60],"(CNN)":[61],"identify":[63],"restroom":[68],"up":[69],"three":[71],"levels;":[72],"namely,":[73],"dirty,":[74],"average,":[75],"clean.":[77],"The":[78],"proposed":[79,118],"method":[80,119],"includes":[81],"specific":[84,110],"data":[85],"augmentation":[86],"algorithm":[87],"PCA-based":[90],"feature":[91],"schema":[93],"select":[95],"best":[97],"suited":[98],"CNN":[99],"model":[100],"for":[101],"our":[102,128,131],"dataset.":[103,129],"Since":[104],"this":[105],"study":[106,132],"focused":[107],"on":[108,127],"application,":[111],"we":[112],"benchmark":[113],"performances":[115,120],"state-of-the-art":[123],"computer":[124],"vision":[125],"algorithms":[126],"Moreover,":[130],"shows":[133],"machine":[135],"learning":[136],"approach":[137],"toward":[138],"automating":[139],"inspection":[141],"process":[142],"restroom.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}