{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2908568751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2893680","title":"Development of a Low-Cost Multi-Depth Real-Time Soil Moisture Sensor Using Time Division Multiplexing Approach","display_name":"Development of a Low-Cost Multi-Depth Real-Time Soil Moisture Sensor Using Time Division Multiplexing Approach","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2908568751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2893680","mag":"2908568751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2893680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2893680","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08618375.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08618375.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082720741","display_name":"Iftikhar Ahmed Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3611-9156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iftikhar Ahmed Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3611-9156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021111825","display_name":"Shi Qinglan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi Qinglan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013774822","display_name":"Minjuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7520-1726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minjuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7520-1726","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006336251","display_name":"Salman L. Butt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4565-0125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salman Latif Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100655624","display_name":"Lihua Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0089-9437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihua Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010779965","display_name":"Vu Ngoc Tuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7684-2680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vu Ngoc Tuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gao Wanlin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151987","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05ckt8b96","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gao Wanlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Informatization Standardization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0309,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73133642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"19688","last_page":"19697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5158059597015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation-scheduling","display_name":"Irrigation scheduling","score":0.5075405836105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.4598788321018219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-content","display_name":"Water content","score":0.45440974831581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42061516642570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41083499789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.362004816532135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.352692186832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water","display_name":"Soil water","score":0.33914652466773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.32805919647216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25820398330688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.22372585535049438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17386922240257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12733247876167297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.11930957436561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09726619720458984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5158059597015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777589951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6073845","display_name":"Irrigation scheduling","level":3,"score":0.5075405836105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.4598788321018219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.45440974831581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42061516642570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41083499789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.362004816532135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.352692186832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.33914652466773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.32805919647216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25820398330688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.22372585535049438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17386922240257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12733247876167297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11930957436561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09726619720458984}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2893680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2893680","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08618375.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bfd31ef3e3144416ab849cdb65168acc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bfd31ef3e3144416ab849cdb65168acc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 19688-19697 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2893680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2893680","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08618375.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1038857249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(31471409)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8025746936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018M630222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8746274391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(2018M630222)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2908568751.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2908568751.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W302889937","https://openalex.org/W1622545212","https://openalex.org/W1969129941","https://openalex.org/W1969460362","https://openalex.org/W1974319311","https://openalex.org/W1984161352","https://openalex.org/W1995410306","https://openalex.org/W1998742682","https://openalex.org/W1998836990","https://openalex.org/W2005421758","https://openalex.org/W2011918711","https://openalex.org/W2014166534","https://openalex.org/W2016313659","https://openalex.org/W2020564866","https://openalex.org/W2021765748","https://openalex.org/W2025067656","https://openalex.org/W2045093289","https://openalex.org/W2047199896","https://openalex.org/W2049128283","https://openalex.org/W2060154336","https://openalex.org/W2064639133","https://openalex.org/W2066170062","https://openalex.org/W2072766448","https://openalex.org/W2073959658","https://openalex.org/W2075326921","https://openalex.org/W2084237095","https://openalex.org/W2084704368","https://openalex.org/W2091472661","https://openalex.org/W2097182062","https://openalex.org/W2116705363","https://openalex.org/W2151131819","https://openalex.org/W2153747716","https://openalex.org/W2160991302","https://openalex.org/W2162419195","https://openalex.org/W2187051616","https://openalex.org/W2228839801","https://openalex.org/W2474022037","https://openalex.org/W2503605632","https://openalex.org/W2518399858","https://openalex.org/W2534287508","https://openalex.org/W2741283796","https://openalex.org/W2754323540","https://openalex.org/W2781438122","https://openalex.org/W2888029609","https://openalex.org/W2895263209","https://openalex.org/W4238675858","https://openalex.org/W4245987718","https://openalex.org/W6636426387","https://openalex.org/W6687036628","https://openalex.org/W6720882162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108512031","https://openalex.org/W2063755384","https://openalex.org/W2048409327","https://openalex.org/W2153306223","https://openalex.org/W2997015357","https://openalex.org/W2390117385","https://openalex.org/W2123825282","https://openalex.org/W1977273908","https://openalex.org/W2079990215","https://openalex.org/W2897030841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Soil":[0],"moisture":[1],"(SM)":[2],"is":[3,17,68],"an":[4],"integral":[5],"parameter":[6],"for":[7,241,249],"scheduling":[8],"irrigation.":[9],"The":[10,24,99,110,127,139,155,190,232],"precise":[11],"and":[12,58,121,162,180,204,226,256],"real-time":[13],"measurement":[14],"of":[15,26,71,82,86,90,112,129,165],"SM":[16,42,50,78,142,243],"difficult":[18],"due":[19],"to":[20,30,48,95,178,188,224,230],"its":[21,205],"complex":[22],"nature.":[23],"purpose":[25],"this":[27],"paper":[28],"was":[29,115,132,202,207],"determine":[31],"whether":[32],"the":[33,64,77,80,83,97,113,119,130,159,163,210,236,251],"time":[34],"division":[35],"multiplexing":[36],"(TDM)":[37],"approach":[38],"would":[39,246],"effectively":[40],"estimate":[41],"content.":[43],"We":[44],"developed":[45],"a":[46,69,135,145],"sensor":[47,73,114,131,140,194,237],"detect":[49],"from":[51,176,186,222,228],"four":[52],"soil":[53,91,146],"depths":[54],"(10,":[55],"20,":[56],"40,":[57],"60":[59],"cm)":[60],"simultaneously":[61],"by":[62],"using":[63,104],"TDM":[65,191],"technique.":[66],"This":[67],"type":[70],"EM":[72],"that":[74,235],"indirectly":[75],"estimates":[76],"on":[79],"basis":[81],"dielectric":[84],"properties":[85],"soil.":[87],"Three":[88],"types":[89],"samples":[92],"were":[93,102,148,157],"used":[94,240],"calibrate":[96],"sensor.":[98],"calibration":[100],"models":[101],"established":[103],"polynomial":[105],"(3rd":[106],"order)":[107],"fitting":[108],"equations.":[109],"performance":[111],"evaluated":[116],"both":[117],"in":[118,134,144,158,254],"laboratory":[120],"<italic":[122],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[123,169,196,215],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">in":[124],"situ</i>":[125],"conditions.":[126],"sensitivity":[128],"examined":[133],"micro-control":[136],"irrigation":[137,252],"system.":[138],"measured":[141],"contents":[143],"box":[147],"compared":[149],"with":[150],"HYDRUS-2D":[151],"simulated":[152],"wetting":[153],"patterns.":[154],"results":[156,233],"optimal":[160],"range,":[161],"coefficient":[164],"determination":[166],"(":[167],"<inline-formula":[168,195,214],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[170,197,216],"<tex-math":[171,198,217],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$R^{2}$":[172,199,218],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[173,200,219],")":[174],"ranged":[175,221],"0.97":[177],"0.99":[179],"root":[181],"means":[182],"square":[183],"error":[184],"(RMSE)":[185],"0.72":[187],"2.01.":[189],"detection":[192,212],"circuit-based":[193],"value":[201],"0.97,":[203],"RMSE":[206,227],"2.78.":[208],"Whereas":[209],"independent":[211],"circuit":[213],"values":[220],"0.93":[223],"0.96":[225],"4.09":[229],"5.07.":[231],"determined":[234],"could":[238],"be":[239,247],"continuous":[242],"measurements,":[244],"which":[245],"advantageous":[248],"planning":[250],"practices":[253],"arid":[255],"irrigated":[257],"regions.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}