{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2910037493","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891909","title":"160-GHz Radar Proximity Sensor With Distributed and Flexible Antennas for Collaborative Robots","display_name":"160-GHz Radar Proximity Sensor With Distributed and Flexible Antennas for Collaborative Robots","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2910037493","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891909","mag":"2910037493"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2891909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891909","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08606052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08606052.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089314526","display_name":"Martin Geiger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-1808"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Geiger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microwave Engineering, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-1808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microwave Engineering, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048233311","display_name":"Christian Waldschmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2090-6136"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Waldschmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microwave Engineering, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microwave Engineering, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.1294,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8640917,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"14977","last_page":"14984"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7096322178840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5986540913581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5527921915054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5390254259109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multistatic-radar","display_name":"Multistatic radar","score":0.4876900911331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4731382429599762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.47062304615974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4206909239292145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proximity-sensor","display_name":"Proximity sensor","score":0.420075386762619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3996562659740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.37274664640426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.2855198085308075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2707846462726593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2669195532798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.21850258111953735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21651282906532288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.09822198748588562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7096322178840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5986540913581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5527921915054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5390254259109497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777585438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935105","display_name":"Multistatic radar","level":5,"score":0.4876900911331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4731382429599762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.47062304615974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4206909239292145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135403697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796765","display_name":"Proximity sensor","level":2,"score":0.420075386762619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3996562659740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.37274664640426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.2855198085308075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2707846462726593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2669195532798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.21850258111953735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21651282906532288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.09822198748588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2891909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891909","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08606052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6640bb38be4843f093d1c42e3c5f0bc7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6640bb38be4843f093d1c42e3c5f0bc7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 14977-14984 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oparu.uni-ulm.de:123456789/12176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-oparu-12176-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400353","display_name":"OPen Access Repositorium der Universit\u00e4t Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.18725/oparu-12119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18725/oparu-12119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052964","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm, Kommunikations- und Informationszentrum (kiz)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2891909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891909","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08606052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325530","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2910037493.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2910037493.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1615912037","https://openalex.org/W1964609021","https://openalex.org/W1987998556","https://openalex.org/W2050982928","https://openalex.org/W2057898183","https://openalex.org/W2109660536","https://openalex.org/W2122967435","https://openalex.org/W2141570987","https://openalex.org/W2154404295","https://openalex.org/W2156719802","https://openalex.org/W2440982047","https://openalex.org/W2586119018","https://openalex.org/W2643026497","https://openalex.org/W2781875673","https://openalex.org/W2800396792","https://openalex.org/W2898004290","https://openalex.org/W2901543310","https://openalex.org/W6664952125","https://openalex.org/W6680152222","https://openalex.org/W6680751053"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2551235981","https://openalex.org/W2998148715","https://openalex.org/W1975451135","https://openalex.org/W2989915292","https://openalex.org/W2890570089","https://openalex.org/W2073793005","https://openalex.org/W340201814","https://openalex.org/W3148968234","https://openalex.org/W1992211884","https://openalex.org/W4353080934"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,28,200],"a":[2,42,63,82,89,94,108,123,138,195],"growing":[3],"demand":[4],"for":[5,25,47,126,137],"collaborative":[6],"robots":[7,27],"in":[8,173],"order":[9],"to":[10,18,35,54,96,184,203],"improve":[11],"the":[12,29,32,48,58,67,102,117,148,154,166,171,174,178,182,186,191,205],"efficiency":[13],"of":[14,31,45,111,119,129,140],"industrial":[15],"processes":[16],"and":[17,74,121,165],"push":[19],"Industry":[20],"4.0":[21],"forward.":[22],"The":[23],"challenge":[24],"these":[26],"compliance":[30],"safety":[33],"regulations":[34],"protect":[36],"human":[37],"workers":[38],"from":[39],"injuries.":[40],"Therefore,":[41],"large":[43,109],"number":[44,118],"sensors":[46,71,120],"close":[49,83],"range":[50,84],"(several":[51],"centimeters":[52],"up":[53],"some":[55],"meters)":[56],"around":[57,66,190],"robot":[59,172],"are":[60,113],"needed.":[61],"For":[62,143,194],"protective":[64],"cover":[65],"robotic":[68,192],"arms":[69],"all":[70],"must":[72],"cooperate":[73],"process":[75],"their":[76],"information":[77],"together.":[78],"This":[79,115],"paper":[80],"presents":[81],"proximity":[85,167],"sensor":[86,128,149,168],"based":[87],"on":[88],"160-GHz":[90],"radar":[91],"MMIC":[92],"with":[93,107,210],"transition":[95],"two":[97],"flexible":[98,179],"dielectric":[99],"waveguides.":[100],"On":[101],"low-loss":[103],"waveguides,":[104],"leaky-wave":[105],"antennas":[106,187],"field":[110],"view":[112],"distributed.":[114],"reduces":[116],"achieves":[122],"coverage":[124],"area":[125],"one":[127,212],"more":[130],"than":[131],"2200":[132],"cm":[133,147],"<sup":[134],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[135],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[136],"distance":[139],"30":[141,146],"cm.":[142],"distances":[144],"below":[145],"has":[150],"blind":[151],"areas.":[152],"However,":[153],"expected":[155],"extended":[156],"targets":[157],"like":[158],"body":[159],"parts":[160],"can":[161],"still":[162],"be":[163],"detected":[164],"will":[169],"stop":[170],"danger":[175],"area.":[176],"Additionally,":[177],"waveguide":[180],"offers":[181],"possibility":[183],"place":[185],"almost":[188],"arbitrarily":[189],"arm.":[193],"single":[196],"target":[197,206],"scenario":[198],"it":[199],"even":[201],"possible":[202],"determine":[204],"position":[207],"by":[208],"multilateration":[209],"only":[211],"receive":[213],"channel.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
