{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2908776365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891603","title":"Improving Reliability: User Authentication on Smartphones Using Keystroke Biometrics","display_name":"Improving Reliability: User Authentication on Smartphones Using Keystroke Biometrics","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2908776365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891603","mag":"2908776365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2891603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891603","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08606924.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08606924.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325311","display_name":"Yuhua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0443-8192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0443-8192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073927333","display_name":"Chunhua Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6445-8000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunhua Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005446556","display_name":"Kangfeng Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kangfeng Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100706835","display_name":"Xiujuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1520-9053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiujuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1520-9053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.7587,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97280291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"26218","last_page":"26228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8170188069343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.7674803733825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7609038352966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7262641191482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.6960269212722778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49129384756088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45206815004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4433855414390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.43316829204559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.42680540680885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4139777421951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20436841249465942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8170188069343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.7674803733825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7609038352966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7262641191482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.6960269212722778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49129384756088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45206815004348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4433855414390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.43316829204559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.42680540680885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4139777421951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20436841249465942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2891603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891603","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08606924.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:acbf6e72c4924d63a111f21e76ecd0ed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/acbf6e72c4924d63a111f21e76ecd0ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 26218-26228 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2891603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891603","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08606924.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2908776365.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2908776365.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69374239","https://openalex.org/W87400274","https://openalex.org/W1483327747","https://openalex.org/W1501008903","https://openalex.org/W1548125220","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1578249005","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1969397146","https://openalex.org/W1986702455","https://openalex.org/W1997787920","https://openalex.org/W2017658349","https://openalex.org/W2052655958","https://openalex.org/W2056265745","https://openalex.org/W2107589078","https://openalex.org/W2125213524","https://openalex.org/W2125320497","https://openalex.org/W2129793529","https://openalex.org/W2135032965","https://openalex.org/W2153165775","https://openalex.org/W2155632266","https://openalex.org/W2157245832","https://openalex.org/W2164675859","https://openalex.org/W2225611246","https://openalex.org/W2320147701","https://openalex.org/W2325135768","https://openalex.org/W2403746960","https://openalex.org/W2546299758","https://openalex.org/W2551090952","https://openalex.org/W2555047368","https://openalex.org/W2559813380","https://openalex.org/W2742024892","https://openalex.org/W2766082786","https://openalex.org/W2766738988","https://openalex.org/W2798969897","https://openalex.org/W2998216295","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W4230978208","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6603503072","https://openalex.org/W6742343667","https://openalex.org/W7066667914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2345184372","https://openalex.org/W3013515612","https://openalex.org/W2136184105","https://openalex.org/W2041399278","https://openalex.org/W2336974148","https://openalex.org/W2056016498","https://openalex.org/W3195168932","https://openalex.org/W2389470892","https://openalex.org/W1996541855","https://openalex.org/W2187500075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Keystroke":[0],"biometrics":[1,28],"is":[2,29,54,132,145,156,212],"a":[3,55,77,90,121,184,213],"well-investigated":[4],"dynamic":[5],"behavioral":[6,12,167],"methodology":[7],"that":[8,82],"utilizes":[9],"the":[10,24,63,71,101,130,135,143,151,154,160,175,181,190,199],"unique":[11],"patterns":[13],"of":[14,26,84,117,153,209,215],"users":[15],"to":[16,32,94,164,179,194,205],"verify":[17],"their":[18],"identity":[19],"when":[20],"tapping":[21],"keys.":[22],"However,":[23],"performance":[25],"keystroke":[27],"unreliable":[30],"due":[31],"its":[33],"high":[34],"error":[35,64,114],"rate":[36,65,115],"and":[37,47,66,75,119],"low":[38],"robustness.":[39,68],"In":[40,127],"this":[41,107,128],"paper,":[42,129],"we":[43,88,110,197],"propose":[44],"differential":[45,91],"evolution":[46,92],"adversarial":[48,161,176,202],"noise-based":[49],"user":[50],"authentication":[51],"(DEANUA),":[52],"which":[53,188,211],"verification":[56],"scheme":[57],"for":[58],"enhancing":[59],"reliability":[60],"by":[61,192],"reducing":[62],"improving":[67],"We":[69,158,173],"investigate":[70],"current":[72],"mainstream":[73],"features":[74],"build":[76],"more":[78],"comprehensive":[79],"feature":[80,98,108],"set":[81],"composed":[83],"146":[85],"features.":[86],"Then,":[87,196],"use":[89,174],"method":[93,105],"select":[95],"an":[96,112,207],"optimized":[97],"set.":[99],"With":[100],"support":[102],"vector":[103],"regression":[104],"on":[106],"set,":[109],"achieve":[111],"equal":[113],"(EER)":[116],"0.12660%":[118],"also":[120],"31.25%":[122],"energy":[123],"consumption":[124],"reduction":[125,214],"rate.":[126],"model":[131,144,155,200],"trained":[133],"with":[134,201],"training":[136],"samples":[137,163,178,204],"collected":[138],"from":[139],"one":[140],"situation,":[141],"but":[142],"used":[146],"in":[147,169,183],"various":[148],"situations.":[149],"Thus,":[150],"robustness":[152],"inadequate.":[157],"constructed":[159],"noise":[162,177,203],"simulate":[165],"users'":[166],"characteristics":[168],"different":[170],"situational":[171],"contexts.":[172],"test":[180],"models":[182],"strict":[185],"experimental":[186],"environment,":[187],"raises":[189],"EER":[191,208],"83.59%,":[193],"10.9299%.":[195],"enhance":[198],"obtain":[206],"8.70932%,":[210],"20.32%.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}