{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2908849044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891360","title":"Generating Synthetic Missing Data: A Review by Missing Mechanism","display_name":"Generating Synthetic Missing Data: A Review by Missing Mechanism","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2908849044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891360","mag":"2908849044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2891360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891360","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08605316.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08605316.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017034254","display_name":"Miriam Seoane Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-963X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miriam Seoane Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056906264","display_name":"Ricardo Cardoso Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1735-0771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Cardoso Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103832597","display_name":"Adriana Fonseca Costa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adriana Fonseca Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051720720","display_name":"J. Soares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6236-4980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jastin Pompeu Soares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082299802","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2465-5143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065859612","display_name":"Pedro Henriques Abreu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-8194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Henriques Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017034254"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.3671,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97123158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"11651","last_page":"11667"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"Missing data","score":0.9708791971206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imputation","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","score":0.8674523830413818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6827563643455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5575394630432129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/univariate","display_name":"Univariate","score":0.5419950485229492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.40420058369636536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32505524158477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2532617449760437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.9708791971206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58041806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660484","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","level":3,"score":0.8674523830413818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6827563643455505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5575394630432129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681619","display_name":"Univariate","level":3,"score":0.5419950485229492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.40420058369636536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32505524158477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2532617449760437}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2891360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891360","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08605316.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:771d91a8bf8d49af8faeed66e034b03f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/771d91a8bf8d49af8faeed66e034b03f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 11651-11667 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:estudogeral.sib.uc.pt:10316/101583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10316/101583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401208","display_name":"Estudo Geral (Universidade de Coimbra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2802025818","host_organization_name":"Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802025818"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:estudogeral.uc.pt:10316/101583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10316/101583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402070","display_name":"Estudo Geral (Universidad de Coimbra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","host_organization_name":"University of Coimbra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2019.2891360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2891360","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08605316.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1516346500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01-0145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1716593420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-FEDER-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2339042619","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFRH/BD/138749/2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3284537356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFRH/B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5348594205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FEDER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5818630289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFRH/BD/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G724804869","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFRH/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7584003722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NORTE-01-0145","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274051256","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NORTE 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2908849044.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2908849044.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W194853858","https://openalex.org/W1571935154","https://openalex.org/W1610612296","https://openalex.org/W1708050497","https://openalex.org/W1973315244","https://openalex.org/W1988904801","https://openalex.org/W2000280255","https://openalex.org/W2002959912","https://openalex.org/W2011764809","https://openalex.org/W2032441932","https://openalex.org/W2043184847","https://openalex.org/W2066274059","https://openalex.org/W2071767222","https://openalex.org/W2094244845","https://openalex.org/W2100358124","https://openalex.org/W2115969689","https://openalex.org/W2116814040","https://openalex.org/W2119299083","https://openalex.org/W2125437673","https://openalex.org/W2134478553","https://openalex.org/W2136347995","https://openalex.org/W2146332392","https://openalex.org/W2157808941","https://openalex.org/W2160604967","https://openalex.org/W2166597282","https://openalex.org/W2313407065","https://openalex.org/W2480730463","https://openalex.org/W2530103281","https://openalex.org/W2604928999","https://openalex.org/W2618813671","https://openalex.org/W2735864302","https://openalex.org/W2751555317","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W4243369765","https://openalex.org/W4247174661","https://openalex.org/W6637656705","https://openalex.org/W6755435102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181530120","https://openalex.org/W4211215373","https://openalex.org/W1828158523","https://openalex.org/W2049578243","https://openalex.org/W2000145235","https://openalex.org/W2024529227","https://openalex.org/W2055961818","https://openalex.org/W2122079181","https://openalex.org/W1574575415","https://openalex.org/W1985848810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,90],"performance":[1],"evaluation":[2],"of":[3,10,92,155],"imputation":[4,65],"algorithms":[5],"often":[6],"involves":[7],"the":[8,55,61,64,98,108,141,146,153,159],"generation":[9,58,105],"missing":[11,39,42,46,50,56,68,71,103,126,130],"values.":[12],"Missing":[13],"values":[14],"can":[15],"be":[16,88,152],"inserted":[17],"in":[18,25,107,135,145,158],"only":[19],"one":[20],"feature":[21],"(univariate":[22],"configuration)":[23,29],"or":[24],"several":[26],"features":[27,139],"(multivariate":[28],"at":[30,44,47,52,127,132],"different":[31,99],"percentages":[32],"(missing":[33],"rates)":[34],"and":[35,49,70,110,119,129],"according":[36],"to":[37,96,101],"distinct":[38],"mechanisms,":[40],"namely,":[41],"completely":[43],"random,":[45,48],"not":[51,131],"random.":[53],"Since":[54],"data":[57,104],"process":[59],"defines":[60],"basis":[62],"for":[63],"experiments":[66],"(configuration,":[67],"rate,":[69],"mechanism),":[72],"it":[73,77],"is":[74,78,95,140],"essential":[75],"that":[76,124],"appropriately":[79],"applied;":[80],"otherwise,":[81],"conclusions":[82],"derived":[83],"from":[84],"ill-defined":[85],"setups":[86],"may":[87],"invalid.":[89],"goal":[91],"this":[93],"paper":[94],"review":[97],"approaches":[100],"synthetic":[102],"found":[106],"literature":[109],"discuss":[111],"their":[112,117],"practical":[113],"details,":[114],"elaborating":[115],"on":[116],"strengths":[118],"weaknesses.":[120],"Our":[121],"analysis":[122],"revealed":[123],"creating":[125],"random":[128,133],"scenarios":[134],"datasets":[136],"comprising":[137],"qualitative":[138],"most":[142],"challenging":[143],"issue":[144],"related":[147],"work":[148,157],"and,":[149],"therefore,":[150],"should":[151],"focus":[154],"future":[156],"field.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}