{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2906750915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2890604","title":"Multilevel Programming-Based Coordinated Cyber Physical Attacks and Countermeasures in Smart Grid","display_name":"Multilevel Programming-Based Coordinated Cyber Physical Attacks and Countermeasures in Smart Grid","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2906750915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2890604","mag":"2906750915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2890604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2890604","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08601187.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08601187.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013745575","display_name":"Meng Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-7064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052083463","display_name":"Mingjian Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3047-5141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178169726","display_name":"Southern Methodist University","ror":"https://ror.org/042tdr378","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjian Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011995392","display_name":"Zhengcheng Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0497-3673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengcheng Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048643912","display_name":"Xianpei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7969-5882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianpei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028104028","display_name":"Shengfei Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6108-3813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178169726","display_name":"Southern Methodist University","ror":"https://ror.org/042tdr378","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengfei Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178169726"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051181882","display_name":"Le Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013745575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.5379,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94913513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"9836","last_page":"9847"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.7050368785858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackout","display_name":"Blackout","score":0.7015184164047241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.6680075526237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6567825078964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.6454139351844788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.5221300721168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5171163082122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.4968617260456085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.47597235441207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4538603127002716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3468858599662781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3239719569683075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2216511368751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21824443340301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.2120501697063446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.142726868391037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13961473107337952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10959172248840332}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.7050368785858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777693866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359099","display_name":"Blackout","level":4,"score":0.7015184164047241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.6680075526237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6567825078964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.6454139351844788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.5221300721168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5171163082122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.4968617260456085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.47597235441207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4538603127002716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3468858599662781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3239719569683075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2216511368751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21824443340301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2120501697063446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.142726868391037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13961473107337952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10959172248840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2890604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2890604","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08601187.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1086052b8f904a29b10e0438c1f0f272","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1086052b8f904a29b10e0438c1f0f272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 9836-9847 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2890604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2890604","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08601187.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1376481044","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51807143","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G217662333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5180714","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3202964632","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51707135","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318036","display_name":"Southern Methodist University","ror":"https://ror.org/042tdr378"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2906750915.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2906750915.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1968164782","https://openalex.org/W1989556229","https://openalex.org/W2000143048","https://openalex.org/W2003190831","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2045540560","https://openalex.org/W2048774648","https://openalex.org/W2089953380","https://openalex.org/W2098005762","https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2113146118","https://openalex.org/W2116065935","https://openalex.org/W2116898337","https://openalex.org/W2122559297","https://openalex.org/W2152728520","https://openalex.org/W2153561032","https://openalex.org/W2175357651","https://openalex.org/W2230317998","https://openalex.org/W2312019848","https://openalex.org/W2318209144","https://openalex.org/W2322219549","https://openalex.org/W2326002844","https://openalex.org/W2501549495","https://openalex.org/W2513580371","https://openalex.org/W2517303124","https://openalex.org/W2525022545","https://openalex.org/W2536887809","https://openalex.org/W2544593203","https://openalex.org/W2552129899","https://openalex.org/W2553577419","https://openalex.org/W2607993497","https://openalex.org/W2612796499","https://openalex.org/W2787260237","https://openalex.org/W2792529092","https://openalex.org/W2902291582","https://openalex.org/W2963955823","https://openalex.org/W3103589660","https://openalex.org/W4237078129","https://openalex.org/W6749010911"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293454977","https://openalex.org/W2460672064","https://openalex.org/W2295387375","https://openalex.org/W2552129899","https://openalex.org/W2966196981","https://openalex.org/W2763718347","https://openalex.org/W4205249516","https://openalex.org/W2564904794","https://openalex.org/W3146992596","https://openalex.org/W2318209144"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,21,29,35,54,58,71,74,77,89,101,106,109,112,135,140,144,149,152,158],"Ukraine":[2],"blackout":[3],"in":[4,20],"2015,":[5],"coordinated":[6],"cyber-physical":[7],"attacks":[8],"(CCPAs)":[9],"have":[10],"been":[11],"emerging":[12],"and":[13,33,42,50,76,123,148],"are":[14,155],"used":[15],"to":[16,40,69,93,133,138],"mask":[17],"line":[18],"outages":[19],"smart":[22],"grid.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"we":[27],"investigate":[28],"features":[30,107],"of":[31,45,56,60,108,146,151],"CCPAs":[32,147],"constitute":[34],"mathematic":[36],"formulation":[37],"with":[38,120],"respect":[39],"topologies":[41],"electric":[43],"parameters":[44],"a":[46,63,94,117],"power":[47],"grid":[48],"before":[49],"after":[51],"attacks.":[52],"With":[53],"objective":[55],"maximizing":[57],"number":[59],"overloaded":[61],"lines,":[62],"bilevel":[64,91,110],"programming":[65,98],"model":[66,92,119,137],"is":[67,114,131],"developed":[68,90,153],"describe":[70],"interaction":[72],"between":[73],"adversary":[75],"control":[78],"center.":[79],"The":[80,126],"most":[81],"damaging":[82],"CCPA":[83],"can":[84],"be":[85],"determined":[86],"by":[87],"transforming":[88],"single":[95],"mixed-integer":[96],"linear":[97],"problem":[99],"using":[100],"Karush-Kuhn-Tucker":[102],"conditions.":[103],"Based":[104],"on":[105,157],"model,":[111],"countermeasure":[113,154],"expressed":[115],"as":[116],"trilevel":[118,136],"one":[121],"leader":[122],"multiple":[124],"followers.":[125],"implicit":[127],"enumeration-based":[128],"searching":[129],"strategy":[130],"proposed":[132],"solve":[134],"identify":[139],"protected":[141],"meters.":[142],"Both":[143],"implementation":[145],"effectiveness":[150],"verified":[156],"modified":[159],"IEEE":[160],"14-bus":[161],"system.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}