{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2907178645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2889852","title":"Facial Action Units-Based Image Retrieval for Facial Expression Recognition","display_name":"Facial Action Units-Based Image Retrieval for Facial Expression Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2907178645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2889852","mag":"2907178645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2889852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2889852","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08599142.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08599142.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007348138","display_name":"Trinh Thi Doan Pham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Trinh Thi Doan Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062244001","display_name":"Sesong Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sesong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Multimedia Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066555129","display_name":"Yucheng Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-5252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yucheng Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Multimedia Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008835980","display_name":"Seung\u2010Won Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-4467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Won Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049278507","display_name":"Chee Sun Won","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-0792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee-Sun Won","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007348138"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.6563,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92081908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"5200","last_page":"5207"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7776438593864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7422692179679871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7181977033615112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6869835257530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise","display_name":"Surprise","score":0.5867947936058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5720598697662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.4786604344844818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disgust","display_name":"Disgust","score":0.46497511863708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4590661823749542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.44654303789138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.42645594477653503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.41699278354644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4108458459377289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4106217324733734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2819196581840515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7776438593864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7422692179679871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7181977033615112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6869835257530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.5867947936058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5720598697662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4786604344844818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777375102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208351","display_name":"Disgust","level":3,"score":0.46497511863708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4590661823749542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.44654303789138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.42645594477653503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.41699278354644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4108458459377289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4106217324733734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2819196581840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779302386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79871","display_name":"Anger","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2889852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2889852","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08599142.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:407eebff143243678b486dea1b189c40","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/407eebff143243678b486dea1b189c40","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 5200-5207 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2889852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2889852","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08599142.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6890563187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11073162","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G992484961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Korea","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2907178645.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2907178645.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598033630","https://openalex.org/W1978704742","https://openalex.org/W1993301396","https://openalex.org/W2012942264","https://openalex.org/W2023734821","https://openalex.org/W2058281976","https://openalex.org/W2070255939","https://openalex.org/W2095184290","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2098824882","https://openalex.org/W2104067190","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2123402141","https://openalex.org/W2137356002","https://openalex.org/W2139916508","https://openalex.org/W2148943889","https://openalex.org/W2213118230","https://openalex.org/W2217426128","https://openalex.org/W2254249950","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2407034139","https://openalex.org/W2426725031","https://openalex.org/W2436394355","https://openalex.org/W2500329338","https://openalex.org/W2506506742","https://openalex.org/W2517304597","https://openalex.org/W2591718649","https://openalex.org/W2624419954","https://openalex.org/W2626967530","https://openalex.org/W2743975459","https://openalex.org/W2750692136","https://openalex.org/W2758425594","https://openalex.org/W2765280073","https://openalex.org/W2793980118","https://openalex.org/W2796830519","https://openalex.org/W2798285655","https://openalex.org/W2802009346","https://openalex.org/W2802637796","https://openalex.org/W2805674400","https://openalex.org/W2805755230","https://openalex.org/W2807126412","https://openalex.org/W2807417241","https://openalex.org/W2827619550","https://openalex.org/W2883848153","https://openalex.org/W2886198169","https://openalex.org/W2887015488","https://openalex.org/W2887754119","https://openalex.org/W2963238274","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964006742","https://openalex.org/W3102246728","https://openalex.org/W3109704197","https://openalex.org/W3151002360","https://openalex.org/W6635717444","https://openalex.org/W6691692454","https://openalex.org/W6730042731","https://openalex.org/W6739651123"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076543106","https://openalex.org/W2523437662","https://openalex.org/W89844371","https://openalex.org/W2019891950","https://openalex.org/W2085842814","https://openalex.org/W4286643620","https://openalex.org/W4387048144","https://openalex.org/W2492135063","https://openalex.org/W2362514456","https://openalex.org/W2136232598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expression":[1],"recognition":[2],"(FER)":[3],"is":[4,26,36,77,86,123],"a":[5,39,64,97,116],"very":[6],"challenging":[7],"problem":[8],"in":[9,22],"computer":[10],"vision.":[11],"Although":[12],"extensive":[13],"research":[14],"has":[15],"been":[16],"conducted":[17],"to":[18,37,62,99,111,125],"improve":[19],"FER":[20,35],"performance":[21,152],"recent":[23],"years,":[24],"there":[25],"still":[27],"room":[28],"for":[29,101],"improvement.":[30],"A":[31],"common":[32],"goal":[33],"of":[34,45,135,153],"classify":[38],"given":[40,93],"face":[41,94],"image":[42,95,138],"into":[43],"one":[44],"seven":[46],"emotion":[47,128],"categories:":[48],"angry,":[49],"disgust,":[50],"fear,":[51],"happy,":[52],"neutral,":[53],"sad,":[54],"and":[55,139],"surprise.":[56],"In":[57,104],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"we":[60,90],"propose":[61],"use":[63,91],"simple":[65],"multi-layer":[66],"perceptron":[67],"(MLP)":[68],"classifier":[69],"that":[70,150],"determines":[71],"whether":[72],"the":[73,82,92,113,136,151,154],"current":[74,83],"classification":[75,84,132],"result":[76,85],"reliable":[78],"or":[79],"not.":[80],"If":[81],"determined":[87],"as":[88,96],"unreliable,":[89],"query":[98,137],"search":[100],"similar":[102,117,142],"images.":[103,143],"particular,":[105],"facial":[106,118],"action":[107],"units":[108],"are":[109],"used":[110],"retrieve":[112],"images":[114],"with":[115],"expression.":[119],"Then,":[120],"another":[121],"MLP":[122],"trained":[124],"predict":[126],"final":[127],"category":[129],"by":[130,161],"aggregating":[131],"output":[133],"vectors":[134],"its":[140],"retrieved":[141],"Experimental":[144],"results":[145],"on":[146],"FER2013":[147],"dataset":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"state-of-the-art":[155],"networks":[156],"can":[157],"be":[158],"further":[159],"improved":[160],"our":[162],"proposed":[163],"method.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}