{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2906455801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2888639","title":"Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Deep Neural Networks","display_name":"Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Deep Neural Networks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2906455801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2888639","mag":"2906455801"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2888639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2888639","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08581492.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08581492.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113028555","display_name":"Zhentao Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhentao Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075376655","display_name":"Jie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7896-5388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118397","display_name":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qh26a66","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Chengdu, China","Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091066995","display_name":"Jixiang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1678-8205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jixiang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437875","display_name":"Yuanyuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6142-5913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388188","display_name":"Yi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5867-9322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5867-9322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence Laboratory, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016119978","display_name":"Jie Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5844-6799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118397","display_name":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01qh26a66","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Chengdu, China","Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5844-6799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113028555"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210125143"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":11.2805,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":224,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98901626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"3360","last_page":"3370"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.7609274387359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7332149744033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7209156155586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6426436305046082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.5831699371337891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.48970821499824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4814402461051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus-photography","display_name":"Fundus photography","score":0.473242849111557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.47099465131759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blindness","display_name":"Blindness","score":0.4687628448009491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.4315006732940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.41148841381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.36645111441612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3490446209907532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.32367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.20631659030914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.11316955089569092}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7609274387359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7332149744033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7209156155586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6426436305046082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5831699371337891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.48970821499824524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4814402461051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776474195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144413","display_name":"Fundus photography","level":4,"score":0.473242849111557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.47099465131759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780929884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Blindness","level":2,"score":0.4687628448009491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.4315006732940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.41148841381073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36645111441612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3490446209907532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.32367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.20631659030914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.11316955089569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780248432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434206","display_name":"Fluorescein angiography","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2888639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2888639","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08581492.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:21f22bd94fa7405f9f4bf5e5bc54efa2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/21f22bd94fa7405f9f4bf5e5bc54efa2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 3360-3370 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2888639","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2888639","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08581492.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7411043749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1435213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7670333304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61432012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2906455801.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2906455801.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W822860665","https://openalex.org/W1091878006","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1969496006","https://openalex.org/W1982890488","https://openalex.org/W2043492194","https://openalex.org/W2049822456","https://openalex.org/W2057203552","https://openalex.org/W2058914116","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2140609507","https://openalex.org/W2145305441","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2152263083","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2171651020","https://openalex.org/W2186615578","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2295611414","https://openalex.org/W2502390809","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2610981713","https://openalex.org/W2750068745","https://openalex.org/W2952436003","https://openalex.org/W2963901018","https://openalex.org/W4211205882","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6736906655","https://openalex.org/W6743018191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980571360","https://openalex.org/W4237698013","https://openalex.org/W4249730947","https://openalex.org/W2401657978","https://openalex.org/W2042797887","https://openalex.org/W3046286921","https://openalex.org/W4388065772","https://openalex.org/W3176448898","https://openalex.org/W2429379476","https://openalex.org/W4361800274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1],"(DR)":[2],"is":[3,25,107],"a":[4,9,49,91,137,149,169],"common":[5],"eye":[6],"disease":[7],"and":[8,22,40,51,81,153],"significant":[10],"cause":[11],"of":[12,37,55,79,93,123,134,172,179],"blindness":[13],"in":[14,48,68,71,141,162],"diabetic":[15,38],"patients.":[16],"Regular":[17],"screening":[18,43],"with":[19,174],"fundus":[20,95,125],"photography":[21],"timely":[23],"intervention":[24],"the":[26,32,61,72,77,102,121,142,163,166,177],"most":[27],"effective":[28],"way":[29],"to":[30,85,119,130],"manage":[31],"disease.":[33],"The":[34],"large":[35],"population":[36],"patients":[39],"their":[41],"massive":[42],"requirements":[44],"have":[45,64,89,98],"generated":[46],"interest":[47],"computer-aided":[50],"fully":[52],"automatic":[53],"diagnosis":[54,78],"DR.":[56],"Deep":[57],"neural":[58,116],"networks,":[59],"on":[60,148],"other":[62],"hand,":[63],"brought":[65],"many":[66],"breakthroughs":[67],"various":[69],"tasks":[70],"recent":[73],"years.":[74],"To":[75],"automate":[76],"DR":[80,86,94,124,156],"provide":[82],"appropriate":[83],"suggestions":[84],"patients,":[87],"we":[88,112],"built":[90],"dataset":[92],"images":[96],"that":[97,106],"been":[99],"labeled":[100],"by":[101],"proper":[103],"treatment":[104],"method":[105],"required.":[108],"Using":[109],"this":[110],"dataset,":[111],"trained":[113],"deep":[114],"convolutional":[115],"network":[117],"models":[118,147],"grade":[120],"severities":[122],"images.":[126],"We":[127,144],"were":[128],"able":[129],"achieve":[131],"an":[132],"accuracy":[133],"88.72%":[135],"for":[136,159],"four-degree":[138],"classification":[139],"task":[140],"experiments.":[143],"deployed":[145],"our":[146,180],"cloud":[150],"computing":[151],"platform":[152],"provided":[154],"pilot":[155],"diagnostic":[157],"services":[158],"several":[160],"hospitals;":[161],"clinical":[164],"evaluation,":[165],"system":[167],"achieved":[168],"consistency":[170],"rate":[171],"91.8%":[173],"ophthalmologists,":[175],"demonstrating":[176],"effectiveness":[178],"work.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-25T08:39:21.599409","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
