{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904925876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2885164","title":"Rich Feature Combination for Cost-Based Broad Learning System","display_name":"Rich Feature Combination for Cost-Based Broad Learning System","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904925876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2885164","mag":"2904925876"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2885164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2885164","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08561274.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08561274.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108782174","display_name":"Tian-Lun Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tian-Lun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418997","display_name":"Rong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-6398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613753","display_name":"Xi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-7744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-7744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018071549","display_name":"Shikai Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-6365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shikai Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-6365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108782174"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.2018,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90860064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"160","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.808005690574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.6845513582229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.67057204246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6390146017074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.6027954816818237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5676564574241638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism","display_name":"Connectionism","score":0.48161405324935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4704244136810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4323652982711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.4306222200393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4232780635356903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4206509590148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4205893576145172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.38252657651901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08576852083206177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.808005690574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.6845513582229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.67057204246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6390146017074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.6027954816818237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5676564574241638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.48161405324935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4704244136810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4323652982711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.4306222200393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4232780635356903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4206509590148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4205893576145172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.38252657651901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08576852083206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2885164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2885164","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08561274.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:21c27662002a467f874a417a42db543c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/21c27662002a467f874a417a42db543c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 160-172 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2885164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2885164","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08561274.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1903007468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4327790259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61672122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2904925876.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2904925876.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":116,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1550206324","https://openalex.org/W1566256432","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1674799117","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1732222442","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1938755728","https://openalex.org/W1971129545","https://openalex.org/W2004992275","https://openalex.org/W2008056655","https://openalex.org/W2012638612","https://openalex.org/W2018168021","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2026131661","https://openalex.org/W2026854879","https://openalex.org/W2030184507","https://openalex.org/W2031878488","https://openalex.org/W2075369741","https://openalex.org/W2078622091","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2100556411","https://openalex.org/W2102193394","https://openalex.org/W2103560185","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2116261113","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2120593235","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2130556178","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2141695047","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2147220807","https://openalex.org/W2149656257","https://openalex.org/W2155910151","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2256362396","https://openalex.org/W2279039799","https://openalex.org/W2290968742","https://openalex.org/W2296444013","https://openalex.org/W2301541953","https://openalex.org/W2302137010","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2305347498","https://openalex.org/W2321533354","https://openalex.org/W2331128040","https://openalex.org/W2463955103","https://openalex.org/W2468539463","https://openalex.org/W2523246573","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2563167163","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2615874979","https://openalex.org/W2622634640","https://openalex.org/W2738226240","https://openalex.org/W2740702290","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2756688796","https://openalex.org/W2757443524","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2770344288","https://openalex.org/W2771305881","https://openalex.org/W2795783309","https://openalex.org/W2798793675","https://openalex.org/W2799501716","https://openalex.org/W2807831594","https://openalex.org/W2887220169","https://openalex.org/W2887576641","https://openalex.org/W2890126432","https://openalex.org/W2890970224","https://openalex.org/W2896850464","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2950635152","https://openalex.org/W2951559648","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963596856","https://openalex.org/W2964153980","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6632865047","https://openalex.org/W6637157234","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6637404856","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6640598943","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6675751002","https://openalex.org/W6677408996","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6694260854","https://openalex.org/W6698183232","https://openalex.org/W6700872662","https://openalex.org/W6702130928","https://openalex.org/W6738096942","https://openalex.org/W6745855040","https://openalex.org/W6750941992","https://openalex.org/W6753662560","https://openalex.org/W6754477303"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3174759195","https://openalex.org/W3167013339","https://openalex.org/W4287121366","https://openalex.org/W3199964822","https://openalex.org/W4232132981","https://openalex.org/W4238046985","https://openalex.org/W3164948662","https://openalex.org/W60493759","https://openalex.org/W4308619659","https://openalex.org/W3213069564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Broad":[0],"learning":[1,7,26,35,113,124],"system":[2],"(BLS)":[3],"is":[4,69,91,101,135],"an":[5,22,33],"emerging":[6],"algorithm":[8],"for":[9,93,122],"the":[10,30,52,63,77,83,105,112,119,144,170,173],"connectionist":[11],"models,":[12],"which":[13,74,140],"have":[14],"enjoyed":[15],"much":[16],"popularity":[17],"on":[18,156],"many":[19],"applications.":[20],"As":[21],"alternative":[23],"approach":[24],"of":[25,54,65,85,107,111,128,160,172],"in":[27,42,51,109,137,148],"deep":[28],"structure,":[29],"BLS":[31,133,175],"develops":[32],"incremental":[34],"neural":[36],"network":[37],"that":[38],"can":[39,75],"be":[40],"modeled":[41],"a":[43,48,131,157],"flexible":[44],"way,":[45],"and":[46,57,96,114,165],"becomes":[47],"promising":[49],"technique":[50],"field":[53],"knowledge":[55],"discovery":[56],"data":[58],"engineering.":[59],"To":[60],"further":[61],"improve":[62,104],"performance":[64],"BLS,":[66,108],"our":[67],"focus":[68],"to":[70,103,142,168],"investigate":[71],"these":[72],"algorithms":[73],"enhance":[76],"BLS.":[78],"On":[79,118],"one":[80],"hand,":[81,121],"from":[82,125],"viewpoint":[84],"feature":[86,94,99],"engineering,":[87],"unsupervised":[88],"group-wise":[89],"encoding":[90],"conducted":[92],"extraction,":[95],"broadly":[97],"fused":[98],"representation":[100],"used":[102],"ability":[106],"terms":[110],"reusing":[115],"multi-level":[116],"features.":[117],"other":[120],"imbalanced":[123],"disproportionate":[126],"size":[127],"categories":[129],"instances,":[130],"cost-sensitive":[132],"framework":[134],"proposed":[136,174],"this":[138],"paper,":[139],"aims":[141],"minimize":[143],"total":[145],"misclassifying":[146],"cost":[147],"classification":[149],"learning.":[150],"Finally,":[151],"we":[152],"conduct":[153],"extensive":[154],"experiments":[155],"wide":[158],"range":[159],"datasets":[161],"(e.g.,":[162],"computer":[163],"vision":[164],"bug":[166],"reports)":[167],"demonstrate":[169],"effectiveness":[171],"framework.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}