{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2903433315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883973","title":"Function Recognition in Stripped Binary of Embedded Devices","display_name":"Function Recognition in Stripped Binary of Embedded Devices","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2903433315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883973","mag":"2903433315"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2883973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883973","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033054817","display_name":"Xiaokang Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaokang Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1617-4561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101899981","display_name":"Shengli Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1366-8256"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengli Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101798441","display_name":"Long Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-377X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102721127","display_name":"Xiao Da","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3844-3611"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Da Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033054817"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9972,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7785896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"75682","last_page":"75694"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8480894565582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.5415014028549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.531760573387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.47198277711868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.4223592281341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3980650007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38447466492652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34361422061920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23830774426460266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8480894565582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.5415014028549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.531760573387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.47198277711868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.4223592281341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3980650007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38447466492652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34361422061920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23830774426460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2883973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77200e2868fe4aee956e8db58c53e095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77200e2868fe4aee956e8db58c53e095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 75682-75694 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2883973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17195072","https://openalex.org/W646354405","https://openalex.org/W1412775481","https://openalex.org/W1526092740","https://openalex.org/W1544225867","https://openalex.org/W1564075167","https://openalex.org/W1981033991","https://openalex.org/W1987507140","https://openalex.org/W1998988707","https://openalex.org/W2024170198","https://openalex.org/W2051109072","https://openalex.org/W2068094728","https://openalex.org/W2119251836","https://openalex.org/W2127637733","https://openalex.org/W2136012769","https://openalex.org/W2170267084","https://openalex.org/W2229758354","https://openalex.org/W2408027109","https://openalex.org/W2466114212","https://openalex.org/W2514974017","https://openalex.org/W2739649174","https://openalex.org/W2767350860","https://openalex.org/W6621201870","https://openalex.org/W6628233427","https://openalex.org/W6633665954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350278424","https://openalex.org/W2071432835","https://openalex.org/W4239401009","https://openalex.org/W4234371507","https://openalex.org/W4299534542","https://openalex.org/W1628824497","https://openalex.org/W2053441600","https://openalex.org/W1990401748","https://openalex.org/W2047586841","https://openalex.org/W2141018266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Function":[0],"recognition":[1,53,64,143],"is":[2,11,122,172,234],"the":[3,7,12,31,47,69,73,84,88,98,101,113,129,137,154,166,220,222,229,237],"preliminary":[4],"step":[5],"of":[6,14,33,51,75,87,97,142,156,169,224],"reverse":[8],"analysis.":[9,24],"It":[10,233],"premise":[13],"binary":[15,115,131],"reuse,":[16],"generating":[17],"control":[18],"flow":[19],"graphs,":[20],"and":[21,42,49,94,110,118,134,158,183,192,211,214,228,249],"performing":[22],"semantic":[23],"There":[25],"are":[26,160],"still":[27],"many":[28],"shortcomings":[29],"in":[30,54,125,128,203],"application":[32],"current":[34],"function":[35,52,63,76,89],"identification":[36],"tools,":[37],"including":[38],"cross-platform":[39],"support,":[40],"efficiency,":[41],"resource":[43,251],"usage.":[44],"To":[45],"improve":[46],"accuracy":[48],"efficiency":[50],"embedded":[55],"system":[56],"firmware,":[57],"this":[58],"paper":[59],"proposes":[60],"a":[61,147,163,217],"new":[62],"algorithm":[65],"FRwithMBA":[66,79,105,121,145,184,196,225,243],"based":[67,90],"on":[68,91],"structure":[70],"information.":[71],"With":[72],"help":[74],"call":[77],"resolve,":[78],"identifies":[80],"functions":[81,127,202],"by":[82],"determining":[83],"termination":[85,95],"position":[86],"branches":[92],"instruction":[93],"signatures":[96],"function.":[99],"In":[100,140,219,240],"experiment,":[102,221],"we":[103],"evaluated":[104],"against":[106],"IDA":[107,151,170,207],"Pro,":[108,152],"radare2,":[109],"angr":[111,159,179,215],"with":[112],"router":[114],"Cisco":[116],"IOS":[117],"found":[119],"that":[120],"more":[123,245],"effective":[124],"identifying":[126],"stripped":[130],"under":[132],"PPC":[133],"MIPS":[135],"than":[136,150,236],"other":[138,238,241],"tools.":[139,239],"terms":[141],"effectiveness,":[144],"performs":[146],"little":[148],"better":[149,235],"but":[153],"results":[155],"radare2":[157,175,213],"poor.":[161],"For":[162],"14-MB":[164],"binary,":[165],"parsing":[167],"time":[168],"Pro":[171],"178":[173],"s,":[174,178,182,206,210],"uses":[176,180,185],"376":[177],"1896":[181],"25":[186],"s.":[187],"When":[188],"processing":[189],"220-MB":[190],"Executable":[191],"Linkable":[193],"Format":[194],"files,":[195],"can":[197],"identify":[198],"nearly":[199],"420":[200],"000":[201],"about":[204],"240":[205],"takes":[208],"2754":[209],"both":[212],"get":[216],"fault.":[218],"recall":[223],"reached":[226,231],"99.99%":[227],"precision":[230],"99.7%.":[232],"words,":[242],"has":[244],"speed,":[246],"higher":[247],"accuracy,":[248],"less":[250],"occupation.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
