{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2900945326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883175","title":"Thermal Analysis of Averaging Times in Radio-Frequency Exposure Limits Above 1 GHz","display_name":"Thermal Analysis of Averaging Times in Radio-Frequency Exposure Limits Above 1 GHz","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2900945326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883175","mag":"2900945326"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2883175","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883175","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056534904","display_name":"Kenneth R. Foster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-2704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth R. Foster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-2704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017421349","display_name":"Marvin C. Ziskin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marvin C. Ziskin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083105348","display_name":"Quir\u00ecno Balzano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4384-8402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quirino Balzano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041954621","display_name":"Akimasa Hirata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8336-1140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197274945","display_name":"Nagoya Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/055yf1005","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197274945"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akimasa Hirata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8336-1140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197274945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056534904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.138,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95575405,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"74536","last_page":"74546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10958","display_name":"Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cutoff-frequency","display_name":"Cutoff frequency","score":0.668263852596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.6142735481262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.5501051545143127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-physics","display_name":"Computational physics","score":0.521298885345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4962819218635559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-head","display_name":"Human head","score":0.49341192841529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impulse","display_name":"Impulse (physics)","score":0.48905786871910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.48828911781311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impulse-response","display_name":"Impulse response","score":0.47074824571609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.459396094083786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.45897358655929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4580684006214142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.45445796847343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-response","display_name":"Frequency response","score":0.4408893287181854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4079102575778961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.1908458173274994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.142846941947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13852152228355408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13840240240097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1142471432685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.10332533717155457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6142545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455881","display_name":"Cutoff frequency","level":2,"score":0.668263852596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.6142735481262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.5501051545143127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.521298885345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4962819218635559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780549717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409626","display_name":"Human head","level":3,"score":0.49341192841529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70836080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837940","display_name":"Impulse (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48905786871910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.48828911781311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72279823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139726","display_name":"Impulse response","level":2,"score":0.47074824571609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.459396094083786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.45897358655929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4580684006214142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.45445796847343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8590192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054694","display_name":"Frequency response","level":2,"score":0.4408893287181854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4079102575778961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.1908458173274994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.142846941947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13852152228355408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13840240240097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1142471432685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10332533717155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2883175","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fcf787a8eb964127b4885b36d6b92b57","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fcf787a8eb964127b4885b36d6b92b57","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 74536-74546 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2883175","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2883175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1948181060","https://openalex.org/W1967249192","https://openalex.org/W2024692041","https://openalex.org/W2080917736","https://openalex.org/W2149512478","https://openalex.org/W2283635835","https://openalex.org/W2316382571","https://openalex.org/W2544931872","https://openalex.org/W2587402970","https://openalex.org/W2619646890","https://openalex.org/W2755151224","https://openalex.org/W2791545016","https://openalex.org/W2810060662","https://openalex.org/W4239526824","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6695570971"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052162120","https://openalex.org/W2803449903","https://openalex.org/W2069681277","https://openalex.org/W1921681307","https://openalex.org/W2072846554","https://openalex.org/W2886841966","https://openalex.org/W2065850375","https://openalex.org/W2289428202","https://openalex.org/W2181583119","https://openalex.org/W1525486435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,413],"paper":[1,414],"considers":[2],"the":[3,23,36,105,123,136,151,159,167,171,177,181,192,198,203,206,246,286,315,323,379,390,399],"problem":[4],"of":[5,35,39,56,69,88,107,117,150,158,166,170,180,197,243,258,263,276,285,317,360,382,393,423],"choosing":[6],"an":[7,108,386],"appropriate":[8,98],"\u201caveraging":[9],"time\u201d":[10],"in":[11,184,298,310,389,432],"radiofrequency":[12],"(RF)":[13],"exposure":[14,115,327,361,395,434],"limits":[15,396,403],"to":[16,67,86,104,144,187,225,239,288,292,328,427],"protect":[17],"against":[18],"thermal":[19,40,64,83,168,207,416],"hazards,":[20],"focusing":[21],"on":[22,33,122,404],"RF":[24,114,394],"frequency":[25,195,204],"range":[26,422],"above":[27],"3-10":[28],"GHz.":[29,146],"Analysis":[30],"is":[31,253,308],"based":[32],"examination":[34],"dynamic":[37,148],"properties":[38,65,84,149],"models":[41,49,152,182,199,208],"for":[42,99,281,385,401,406],"tissue":[43,324],"using":[44],"Pennes'":[45],"bioheat":[46],"equation.":[47],"Three":[48],"are":[50,337],"considered:":[51],"a":[52,57,76,188,232,264,277,304,363,420],"baseline":[53,160],"model":[54,79,112,267,287],"consisting":[55],"uniform":[58],"half":[59],"space":[60],"with":[61,72,80,94,213,274],"dielectric":[62,81],"and":[63,82,91,102,127,162,173,194,291,419],"similar":[66,85],"those":[68,87],"human":[70],"skin":[71],"adiabatic":[73],"boundary":[74,96],"conditions;":[75],"layered":[77,172],"1D":[78],"skin,":[89],"fat,":[90],"underlying":[92],"muscle,":[93],"convective":[95],"conditions":[97],"room":[100],"environments;":[101],"exposures":[103,336],"head":[106,137,174],"anatomically":[109],"detailed":[110,279],"image-based":[111],"(\u201cTaro\u201d).":[113],"consisted":[116],"plane":[118],"wave":[119,227],"radiation":[120,128,228],"incident":[121],"two":[124],"planar":[125],"models,":[126],"from":[129,135,142,163,326,344,352,362],"resonant":[130],"dipoles":[131],"located":[132],"1.5":[133],"cm":[134],"model,":[138,161],"at":[139,235,322,332,366,410],"frequencies":[140,218],"ranging":[141],"1":[143,220],"300":[145],"The":[147,222,375],"were":[153,200],"explored":[154],"by":[155,340],"analytic":[156],"solution":[157],"numerical":[164],"solutions":[165],"responses":[169,179,196],"models.":[175],"From":[176],"step":[178],"(increases":[183],"surface":[185,270,325],"temperature":[186,320,373],"suddenly":[189],"imposed":[190],"exposure),":[191],"impulse":[193,223],"obtained.":[201],"In":[202],"domain,":[205],"exhibit":[209],"extreme":[210],"lowpass":[211],"characteristics":[212],"cutoff":[214],"(-3":[215],"dB":[216],"response)":[217],"below":[219],"mHz.":[221],"response":[224],"millimeter":[226,282],"(30-300":[229],"GHz)":[230],"shows":[231],"sharp":[233],"peak":[234],"zero":[236],"time,":[237],"due":[238],"short":[240,312,329],"term":[241],"accumulation":[242],"heat":[244,252],"near":[245],"surface,":[247],"which":[248,299],"dissipates":[249],"quickly":[250],"as":[251,430],"conducted":[254],"into":[255],"deeper":[256],"layers":[257],"tissue.":[259],"Simple":[260],"analytical":[261],"results":[262,275,376],"further":[265],"simplified":[266],"assuming":[268],"purely":[269],"heating":[271],"agree":[272],"well":[273,431],"more":[278],"assessment":[280],"waves.":[283],"Response":[284],"pulse":[289,313],"trains":[290],"single":[293],"maximum":[294],"fluence":[295,405],"\u201cbig":[296],"bang\u201dpulses":[297],"all":[300],"allowable":[301],"energy":[302],"over":[303],"6-min":[305],"averaging":[306,387],"time":[307,388],"delivered":[309],"one":[311],"raises":[314],"possibility":[316],"excessive":[318],"transient":[319,372],"increases":[321],"high-fluence":[330,408],"pulses":[331,409],"mm-wave":[333,355,411],"frequencies.":[334,412],"Such":[335],"not":[338],"produced":[339],"current":[341,391],"technologies":[342],"apart":[343],"certain":[345],"military":[346],"weapons":[347],"systems":[348],"but":[349,397],"may":[350],"occur":[351],"future":[353],"high-power":[354],"technology.":[356],"By":[357],"contrast,":[358],"simulations":[359],"communications":[364],"waveform":[365],"1.9":[367],"GHz":[368],"show":[369],"extremely":[370],"tiny":[371],"fluctuations.":[374],"generally":[377],"confirm":[378],"present":[380],"choice":[381],"6":[383],"min":[384],"generation":[392],"suggest":[398],"need":[400,426],"additional":[402],"brief":[407],"addresses":[415],"hazards":[417],"only,":[418],"larger":[421],"evidence":[424],"would":[425],"be":[428],"evaluated":[429],"revising":[433],"limits.":[435]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T08:33:51.333923","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}