{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898130544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2878273","title":"A Word-Embedding-Based Steganalysis Method for Linguistic Steganography via Synonym Substitution","display_name":"A Word-Embedding-Based Steganalysis Method for Linguistic Steganography via Synonym Substitution","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898130544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2878273","mag":"2898130544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2878273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2878273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2878273","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069543374","display_name":"Lingyun Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7396-0908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyun Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7396-0908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056942565","display_name":"Jingmin Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingmin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102922441","display_name":"Chunfang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6487-379X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091712","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00b3j7936","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunfang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou Science and Technology Institute, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6487-379X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou Science and Technology Institute, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039880027","display_name":"Daojian Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3552-0685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daojian Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061132796","display_name":"Xiaobo Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-4532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.7687,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89294072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"64131","last_page":"64141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.864124059677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.7682260274887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7166274189949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synonym","display_name":"Synonym (taxonomy)","score":0.6833505630493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6531418561935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6376858949661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5845139026641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word2vec","display_name":"Word2vec","score":0.5544819831848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5467265844345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.5282950401306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.3712031841278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25171130895614624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.864124059677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.7682260274887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7166274189949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173483453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1040689","display_name":"Synonym (taxonomy)","level":3,"score":0.6833505630493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6531418561935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6376858949661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5845139026641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22673982","display_name":"Word2vec","level":3,"score":0.5544819831848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5467265844345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.5282950401306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3712031841278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25171130895614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157369684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34740","display_name":"Genus","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2878273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2878273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0587a2057fad41fc878610052612d070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0587a2057fad41fc878610052612d070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 64131-64141 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/103246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10220/47273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2878273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2878273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1918048011","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5839994001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16A008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6627171594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61202439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8272519150","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61302159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8469159782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017TP1016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8652799890","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u6709\u635f\u5904\u7406\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u9c81\u68d2\u9690\u5199\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61872448","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320967","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320984","display_name":"University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323191","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326873","display_name":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333642","display_name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335639","display_name":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145476170","https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W1563938718","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1725721317","https://openalex.org/W1965997238","https://openalex.org/W1977815906","https://openalex.org/W2031029123","https://openalex.org/W2038124393","https://openalex.org/W2085340355","https://openalex.org/W2089798121","https://openalex.org/W2101609803","https://openalex.org/W2133593294","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2159019546","https://openalex.org/W2162174114","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2244585724","https://openalex.org/W2251012556","https://openalex.org/W2251394420","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2519051215","https://openalex.org/W2553599285","https://openalex.org/W2583194464","https://openalex.org/W2621048556","https://openalex.org/W2745053992","https://openalex.org/W2767993539","https://openalex.org/W2781513756","https://openalex.org/W2783777501","https://openalex.org/W2790280878","https://openalex.org/W2793291280","https://openalex.org/W2799743758","https://openalex.org/W2800723077","https://openalex.org/W2801521191","https://openalex.org/W2802292638","https://openalex.org/W2802367975","https://openalex.org/W2808027476","https://openalex.org/W2883163885","https://openalex.org/W2884222111","https://openalex.org/W2888561234","https://openalex.org/W2891682990","https://openalex.org/W2942997395","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2998704965","https://openalex.org/W4256185450","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W6605963037","https://openalex.org/W6673163224","https://openalex.org/W6680532216","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6683525438","https://openalex.org/W6690931222","https://openalex.org/W6751036062","https://openalex.org/W6751221962","https://openalex.org/W6751312168","https://openalex.org/W6753615702","https://openalex.org/W6754361167"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148973528","https://openalex.org/W2939392096","https://openalex.org/W4243922849","https://openalex.org/W2106726851","https://openalex.org/W4309385482","https://openalex.org/W2068740952","https://openalex.org/W1583147569","https://openalex.org/W2182496537","https://openalex.org/W2792878404","https://openalex.org/W3154843532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,69,143],"development":[1],"of":[2,8,63,76,99,106,110,120],"steganography":[3],"technology":[4],"threatens":[5],"the":[6,30,37,40,74,104,113,118,123,148,152,163],"security":[7],"privacy":[9,16,31],"information":[10,32],"in":[11,34,36,49,112,122],"smart":[12],"campus.":[13],"To":[14],"prevent":[15],"disclosure,":[17],"a":[18,77,135],"linguistic":[19],"steganalysis":[20,141,150],"method":[21],"based":[22],"on":[23],"word":[24,55,92,173],"embedding":[25],"is":[26,86],"proposed":[27,149],"to":[28,59],"detect":[29],"hidden":[33],"synonyms":[35,111],"texts.":[38],"With":[39],"continuous":[41],"Skipgram":[42],"language":[43],"model,":[44],"each":[45],"synonym":[46,78,115],"and":[47,94,117,125,132],"words":[48,64],"its":[50,80],"context":[51,70,84,100,107],"are":[52,130],"represented":[53],"as":[54],"embeddings,":[56],"which":[57,72],"aims":[58],"encode":[60],"semantic":[61,81],"meanings":[62],"into":[65,134],"low-dimensional":[66],"dense":[67],"vectors.":[68],"fitness,":[71],"characterizes":[73],"suitability":[75],"by":[79,89,96,170],"correlations":[82],"with":[83],"words,":[85],"effectively":[87],"estimated":[88],"their":[90],"corresponding":[91],"embeddings":[93],"weighted":[95],"TF-IDF":[97],"values":[98,109],"words.":[101],"By":[102],"analyzing":[103],"differences":[105,119],"fitness":[108],"same":[114],"set":[116],"those":[121],"cover":[124],"stego":[126],"text,":[127],"three":[128],"features":[129],"extracted":[131],"fed":[133],"support":[136],"vector":[137],"machine":[138],"classifier":[139],"for":[140],"task.":[142],"experimental":[144],"results":[145],"show":[146],"that":[147],"improves":[151],"average":[153],"F-value":[154],"at":[155],"least":[156],"4.8%":[157],"over":[158],"two":[159],"baselines.":[160],"In":[161],"addition,":[162],"detection":[164],"performance":[165],"can":[166],"be":[167],"further":[168],"improved":[169],"learning":[171],"better":[172],"embeddings.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}