{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2897501030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2875948","title":"GNSS Spoofing Detection by Means of Signal Quality Monitoring (SQM) Metric Combinations","display_name":"GNSS Spoofing Detection by Means of Signal Quality Monitoring (SQM) Metric Combinations","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2897501030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2875948","mag":"2897501030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2875948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2875948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2875948","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057234977","display_name":"Chao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5627-7111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5627-7111","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067747041","display_name":"Joon Wayn Cheong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4515-8608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joon Wayn Cheong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian Centre for Space Engineering Research, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian Centre for Space Engineering Research, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008198554","display_name":"Andrew G. Dempster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-1548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew G. Dempster","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian Centre for Space Engineering Research, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian Centre for Space Engineering Research, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011270130","display_name":"Hongbo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1196-4089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1196-4089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037415977","display_name":"Wenquan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5180-7889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenquan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":29.6819,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99113424,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"66428","last_page":"66441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9677000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8429745435714722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.8199735879898071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.8020287752151489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7217263579368591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.5290469527244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4817940592765808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4087178111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.36880767345428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3098551630973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16741356253623962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13928654789924622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12861818075180054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8429745435714722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.8199735879898071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.8020287752151489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7217263579368591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.5290469527244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4817940592765808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4087178111076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.36880767345428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3098551630973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16741356253623962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13928654789924622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12861818075180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2875948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2875948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:804be5443c214cbdb414a712aab144f1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/804be5443c214cbdb414a712aab144f1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 66428-66441 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.library.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_64065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_64065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401737","display_name":"UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","host_organization_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40053085"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 6, 66428-66441","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2875948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2875948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4073117305","display_name":"Protecting Critical Transport Infrastructure using Hybrid Approaches for Interference and Spoofer Detection and Localisation","funder_award_id":"LP140100252","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8550310008","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201606020020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321125","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335793","display_name":"Academic Excellence Foundation of BUAA for PHD Students","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49289809","https://openalex.org/W88410275","https://openalex.org/W1130014915","https://openalex.org/W1557560302","https://openalex.org/W1607626080","https://openalex.org/W1872112963","https://openalex.org/W1943499898","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W2033618871","https://openalex.org/W2065078051","https://openalex.org/W2097275045","https://openalex.org/W2098203865","https://openalex.org/W2110238111","https://openalex.org/W2121182939","https://openalex.org/W2140261001","https://openalex.org/W2140699428","https://openalex.org/W2182459447","https://openalex.org/W2188559950","https://openalex.org/W2280473694","https://openalex.org/W2325199020","https://openalex.org/W2389176884","https://openalex.org/W2443973526","https://openalex.org/W2514663557","https://openalex.org/W2523167936","https://openalex.org/W2537403352","https://openalex.org/W2547367241","https://openalex.org/W2593150782","https://openalex.org/W2600863430","https://openalex.org/W2603137489","https://openalex.org/W2603696195","https://openalex.org/W2608238159","https://openalex.org/W2725855335","https://openalex.org/W2729424549","https://openalex.org/W2732835331","https://openalex.org/W2756684097","https://openalex.org/W2774068025","https://openalex.org/W2784618100","https://openalex.org/W2794295008","https://openalex.org/W2799424409","https://openalex.org/W2809835104","https://openalex.org/W2903524469","https://openalex.org/W3100615231","https://openalex.org/W3132901615","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602017132","https://openalex.org/W6603641854","https://openalex.org/W6639197832","https://openalex.org/W6680759293","https://openalex.org/W6710966511","https://openalex.org/W6735725247","https://openalex.org/W6735734393","https://openalex.org/W6735954763","https://openalex.org/W6740835589","https://openalex.org/W6746675171","https://openalex.org/W6747872666","https://openalex.org/W6750751216","https://openalex.org/W6756636712","https://openalex.org/W6790792677"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2955125114","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W3200530419","https://openalex.org/W4379876618","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W2088717005"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"navigation":[1],"satellite":[2],"system":[3],"(GNSS)":[4],"signal":[5,17,21,24],"is":[6,54],"vulnerable":[7],"and":[8,19,56,126,145],"easily":[9],"interfered":[10],"by":[11,91],"spoofing":[12,37,46,114],"because":[13],"of":[14,45,62,85,128,137],"its":[15],"opening":[16],"structure":[18],"weak":[20],"power.":[22],"A":[23],"quality":[25],"monitoring":[26],"(SQM)":[27],"technique":[28],"has":[29],"been":[30],"shown":[31],"to":[32,35,77,81,112],"be":[33,75],"viable":[34],"detect":[36,113],"attacks":[38],"on":[39],"GNSS":[40],"signals.":[41],"However,":[42],"the":[43,59,83,86,97,146,155],"effectiveness":[44],"detection":[47,80,100],"employing":[48],"a":[49,108],"single":[50,160],"SQM":[51,65,72,88,105,110,161],"metric":[52,111,139,162],"alone":[53],"limited":[55],"conditional":[57],"upon":[58],"features":[60,69],"extracted":[61],"that":[63,154],"specific":[64],"metric.":[66,89],"The":[67,134],"complementary":[68],"among":[70],"various":[71,104,165],"metrics":[73,106],"can":[74],"exploited":[76],"implement":[78],"joint":[79,99],"overcome":[82],"deficiency":[84],"individual":[87],"Motivated":[90],"this":[92,94],"idea,":[93],"paper":[95,117],"investigates":[96],"multi-metric":[98],"technique,":[101],"which":[102],"combines":[103],"into":[107],"composite":[109],"attacks.":[115],"This":[116],"proposes":[118],"two":[119],"combination":[120,124,131],"strategies,":[121],"namely":[122],"amplitude":[123],"mode":[125,132],"probability":[127],"false":[129],"alarm":[130],"(PfaM).":[133],"overall":[135],"performance":[136],"different":[138],"combinations":[140],"was":[141],"verified":[142],"using":[143],"simulations":[144],"Texas":[147],"Spoofing":[148],"Test":[149],"Battery":[150],"dataset.":[151],"Results":[152],"show":[153],"PfaM":[156],"detector":[157],"outperforms":[158],"all":[159],"detectors":[163],"under":[164],"scenarios.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}