{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2891723774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2866310","title":"On the Cost-Effectiveness of Mass Surveillance","display_name":"On the Cost-Effectiveness of Mass Surveillance","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2891723774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2866310","mag":"2891723774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2866310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2866310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2866310","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090886324","display_name":"Javier Parra\u2010Arnau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1772-1088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Parra-Arnau","raw_affiliation_strings":["CYBERCAT-Center for Cybersecurity Research of Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain","CYBERCAT - Centre de recerca en ciberseguretat de Catalunya (Spain)","Universitat Rovira i Virgili (43007 Tarragona - Spain)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1772-1088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CYBERCAT-Center for Cybersecurity Research of Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CYBERCAT - Centre de recerca en ciberseguretat de Catalunya (Spain)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili (43007 Tarragona - Spain)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066888184","display_name":"Claude Castelluccia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101348","display_name":"Centre Inria de l'Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes","ror":"https://ror.org/00n8d6z93","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210101348"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899635006","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes","ror":"https://ror.org/02rx3b187","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899635006"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claude Castelluccia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Privatics Research Team, Inria Grenoble Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France","PRIVATICS - Privacy Models, Architectures and Tools for the Information Society (Centre de Recherche Inria \r\n655, avenue de l'Europe \r\n38334 Saint Ismier Cedex - France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Privatics Research Team, Inria Grenoble Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101348","https://openalex.org/I899635006"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PRIVATICS - Privacy Models, Architectures and Tools for the Information Society (Centre de Recherche Inria \r\n655, avenue de l'Europe \r\n38334 Saint Ismier Cedex - France)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1502,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52381113,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"46538","last_page":"46557"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13546","display_name":"Census and Population Estimation","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorism","display_name":"Terrorism","score":0.801914632320404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rationality","display_name":"Rationality","score":0.6970468759536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.6478589177131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.6321198344230652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.538305401802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.532425582408905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5086101293563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.501765251159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.4694262146949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.35917341709136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.31340622901916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2837730646133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1858942210674286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1532151699066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.14161169528961182}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.801914632320404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201717286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938185","display_name":"Rationality","level":2,"score":0.6970468759536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6478589177131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6321198344230652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.538305401802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.532425582408905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5086101293563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.501765251159668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4694262146949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.35917341709136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31340622901916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2837730646133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1858942210674286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1532151699066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14161169528961182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2866310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2866310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01921899v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-01921899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 2018, 6, pp.46538 - 46557. ⟨10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2866310⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45c44dafa15845bb959eb36a2eb31e1f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45c44dafa15845bb959eb36a2eb31e1f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 46538-46557 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/387158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2117/387158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2866310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2866310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G261029850","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-644024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G32499111","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-700540","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3291714077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IJCI-2016-28239","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3598852344","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"700540","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937468798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5002867351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-644024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6511652907","display_name":"A FRAMEWORK FOR USER CENTRED PRIVACY AND SECURITY IN THE CLOUD","funder_award_id":"644024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6544542254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2016-80250-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G955785279","display_name":"Constructing an Alliance for Value-driven Cybersecurity","funder_award_id":"700540","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492251543","https://openalex.org/W1516441385","https://openalex.org/W1521303164","https://openalex.org/W1868897567","https://openalex.org/W1982554717","https://openalex.org/W1997841190","https://openalex.org/W2000832556","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2115759435","https://openalex.org/W2117154949","https://openalex.org/W2152019382","https://openalex.org/W2187512482","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2478708596","https://openalex.org/W2487882619","https://openalex.org/W2506326118","https://openalex.org/W2600446833","https://openalex.org/W2766602169","https://openalex.org/W2789687619","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4300124000","https://openalex.org/W6677328822","https://openalex.org/W6686546419"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388260134","https://openalex.org/W2351341309","https://openalex.org/W2359095791","https://openalex.org/W2364973163","https://openalex.org/W2370332065","https://openalex.org/W2375421581","https://openalex.org/W2352025053","https://openalex.org/W2386975405","https://openalex.org/W2501307252","https://openalex.org/W2360169511"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,44],"recent":[1],"times,":[2],"we":[3,47,130],"have":[4],"witnessed":[5],"an":[6,132],"increasing":[7],"concern":[8],"by":[9,116],"governments":[10],"and":[11,42,86,126,146,148,154],"intelligence":[12],"agencies":[13],"to":[14,30,94,98,109],"deploy":[15],"mass-surveillance":[16],"systems":[17],"that":[18,91],"help":[19],"them":[20],"fight":[21],"terrorism.":[22],"Although":[23],"a":[24,37,49,63,75,83,88,99],"government":[25],"may":[26],"be":[27],"perfectly":[28],"legitimate":[29],"do":[31],"so,":[32],"it":[33],"is":[34,40,92,113],"questionable":[35],"whether":[36],"preventive-surveillance":[38],"state":[39],"rational":[41],"cost-effective.":[43],"this":[45],"paper,":[46],"conduct":[48,131],"theoretical":[50],"analysis":[51,60],"of":[52,55,78,82,104,118,124,140,156,161],"the":[53,70,79,102,106,144,152,162,167],"cost":[54,81],"such":[56],"surveillance":[57],"systems.":[58],"Our":[59,111],"starts":[61],"with":[62,159],"fairly":[64],"well-known":[65],"result":[66],"in":[67,101,143,166],"statistics,":[68],"namely,":[69],"false-positive":[71],"paradox.":[72],"We":[73],"propose":[74],"quantitative":[76],"measure":[77],"total":[80],"monitoring":[84],"program,":[85],"study":[87,135],"detection":[89],"system":[90],"designed":[93],"minimize":[95],"it,":[96],"subject":[97],"constraint":[100],"percentage":[103],"terrorists":[105],"agency":[107],"wishes":[108],"capture.":[110],"formulation":[112],"first":[114],"illustrated":[115],"means":[117],"several":[119],"simple":[120],"albeit":[121],"insightful":[122],"examples":[123],"terrorist":[125],"innocent":[127],"profiles.":[128],"Then,":[129],"extensive":[133],"experimental":[134],"from":[136],"real-world":[137],"socio-demographic":[138],"data":[139],"jihadist":[141],"terrorism":[142],"U.K.":[145],"Spain,":[147],"provide":[149],"insight":[150],"into":[151],"rationality":[153],"cost-effectiveness":[155],"two":[157,160],"countries":[158],"biggest":[163],"defense":[164],"budgets":[165],"world.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}