{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2890952305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2863024","title":"Analysis of Sandstone Pore Space Fluid Saturation and Mineralogy Variation via Application of Monostatic K-Band Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar","display_name":"Analysis of Sandstone Pore Space Fluid Saturation and Mineralogy Variation via Application of Monostatic K-Band Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2890952305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2863024","mag":"2890952305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2863024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2863024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2863024","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067163235","display_name":"Jamie Blanche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-0637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085930","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/0059w0420","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]}],"countries":["GB","MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jamie Blanche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart Systems Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","Smart Systems Group, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-0637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Systems Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Systems Group, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032160199","display_name":"David Flynn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1024-3618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085930","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/0059w0420","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]}],"countries":["GB","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Flynn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart Systems Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","Smart Systems Group, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Systems Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Systems Group, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026385343","display_name":"Helen Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3891-3783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helen Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033565145","display_name":"Gary Douglas Couples","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-6973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary D. Couples","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029062534","display_name":"Jim Buckman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1396-7539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Buckman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060460052","display_name":"C. Bailey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9438-3879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Bailey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, U.K","Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080558936","display_name":"T. Tilford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8307-6403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Tilford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, U.K","Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067163235"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511","https://openalex.org/I4210085930"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.9026,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83197588,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"44376","last_page":"44389"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.7053396701812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saturation","display_name":"Saturation (graph theory)","score":0.6039432287216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.480851948261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterisation-of-pore-space-in-soil","display_name":"Characterisation of pore space in soil","score":0.45145168900489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineralogy","display_name":"Mineralogy","score":0.3965945839881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32500526309013367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porosity","display_name":"Porosity","score":0.20393621921539307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.17942562699317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07189121842384338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.7053396701812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9930424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7426587","display_name":"Saturation (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6039432287216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.480851948261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78609370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073758","display_name":"Characterisation of pore space in soil","level":3,"score":0.45145168900489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.3965945839881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32500526309013367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.20393621921539307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17942562699317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07189121842384338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2863024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2863024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gala.gre.ac.uk:21093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401244","display_name":"Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","host_organization_name":"University of Greenwich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c85ec7b2f40d41e38c90c806307dc4de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c85ec7b2f40d41e38c90c806307dc4de","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 44376-44389 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2863024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2863024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W618152627","https://openalex.org/W1498703416","https://openalex.org/W1572603627","https://openalex.org/W1842618746","https://openalex.org/W1965683452","https://openalex.org/W1970737491","https://openalex.org/W1973449857","https://openalex.org/W1986968902","https://openalex.org/W1987119819","https://openalex.org/W1992006997","https://openalex.org/W1997067376","https://openalex.org/W2001767117","https://openalex.org/W2011753970","https://openalex.org/W2015345389","https://openalex.org/W2040266082","https://openalex.org/W2042790517","https://openalex.org/W2045251026","https://openalex.org/W2051796844","https://openalex.org/W2058367223","https://openalex.org/W2061067224","https://openalex.org/W2072299307","https://openalex.org/W2074629220","https://openalex.org/W2075959322","https://openalex.org/W2092683021","https://openalex.org/W2113688195","https://openalex.org/W2139058286","https://openalex.org/W2139216312","https://openalex.org/W2155204871","https://openalex.org/W2157540532","https://openalex.org/W2163470364","https://openalex.org/W2171876476","https://openalex.org/W2518977794","https://openalex.org/W2542056919","https://openalex.org/W2543627793","https://openalex.org/W2618460723","https://openalex.org/W2743394663","https://openalex.org/W2769943268","https://openalex.org/W2782456596","https://openalex.org/W3023175785","https://openalex.org/W4211173487","https://openalex.org/W4240649690","https://openalex.org/W6629982114","https://openalex.org/W6646849203","https://openalex.org/W6663476493","https://openalex.org/W6738589144","https://openalex.org/W6745703841","https://openalex.org/W6777350399"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W4312687625","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W2356785045","https://openalex.org/W1969435906","https://openalex.org/W4312543281","https://openalex.org/W2089450175","https://openalex.org/W1532287152"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,159],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"the":[5,38,52,56,63,101,103,122,126,138,156,199,223],"preliminary":[6],"findings":[7],"from":[8,185,190],"a":[9],"world-first":[10],"investigation":[11],"into":[12,37,44],"monostatic":[13],"frequency":[14],"modulated":[15],"continuous":[16],"wave":[17],"(FMCW)":[18],"radar":[19],"analysis":[20],"of":[21,55,62,72,137,146,158],"porous":[22],"sandstones":[23,169,183],"and":[24,46,81,90,120,141,145,149,189,231],"their":[25],"fluid":[26],"content.":[27],"FMCW":[28,96,211],"results,":[29,214],"within":[30],"24":[31],"to":[32,124,162,187,192,219],"25.5":[33],"GHz,":[34],"provide":[35],"insights":[36],"rock/pore":[39],"system":[40,58],"as":[41,43],"well":[42],"mineral":[45,206],"liquid":[47],"distributions,":[48],"both":[49],"crucial":[50],"for":[51,59,106,181,194],"quantitative":[53],"representation":[54],"fluid-rock":[57],"subsequent":[60],"assessment":[61],"sandstones.":[64],"Sandstone":[65],"samples,":[66],"here":[67],"characterised":[68],"using":[69],"known":[70,127],"techniques":[71],"energy":[73],"dispersive":[74],"x-ray":[75],"analysis,":[76],"gaseous":[77],"secondary":[78],"electron":[79,83],"(GSE)":[80],"backscattered":[82],"(BSE)":[84],"imaging":[85],"are:":[86],"Darney,":[87],"Lazonby,":[88],"Locharbriggs,":[89],"Red":[91],"St.":[92],"Bees":[93],"sandstones,":[94,197],"with":[95,170,198],"results":[97,115,154],"showing":[98],"that,":[99],"in":[100,164,167],"K-Band,":[102],"calculated":[104],"values":[105,180,201],"relative":[107,172,204],"permittivity,":[108,173],"utilising":[109],"free-space":[110],"radiation":[111],"reflection":[112],"data,":[113],"give":[114],"that":[116],"are":[117],"consistent":[118],"with,":[119],"have":[121],"potential":[123],"predict,":[125],"rock":[128,165],"elemental":[129],"constituents,":[130],"where":[131],"each":[132],"sandstone":[133],"has":[134],"different":[135],"distributions":[136],"dominant":[139],"quartz":[140],"subsidiary":[142],"other":[143],"minerals":[144],"grain":[147,209],"size":[148],"shape":[150],"distributions.":[151],"The":[152],"experimental":[153],"support":[155],"sensitivity":[157],"sensing":[160],"modality":[161],"variances":[163],"properties":[166],"typical":[168],"complex":[171],"\u03b5":[174],"<sub":[175],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[176],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">r</sub>":[177],"*":[178],",":[179],"room-dry":[182],"ranging":[184],"5.76":[186],"6.76":[188],"12.96":[191],"48.3":[193],"partially":[195],"saturated":[196],"highest":[200],"indicating":[202],"high":[203],"permittivity":[205],"inclusion":[207],"and/or":[208],"angularity.":[210],"provides":[212],"similar":[213],"over":[215],"slightly":[216],"larger":[217],"volumes,":[218],"those":[220],"produced":[221],"by":[222],"current":[224],"resource-intensive":[225],"methodologies,":[226],"but":[227],"much":[228],"more":[229],"easily":[230],"cheaply.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
