{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2886837750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2862626","title":"Structure Tensor Graph Searches Based Fully Automated Grading and 3D Profiling of Maculopathy From Retinal OCT Images","display_name":"Structure Tensor Graph Searches Based Fully Automated Grading and 3D Profiling of Maculopathy From Retinal OCT Images","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2886837750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2862626","mag":"2886837750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2862626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2862626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2862626","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011636952","display_name":"Taimur Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-8677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taimur Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-8677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017346745","display_name":"Muhammad Usman Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6208-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Usman Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","ORCiD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6208-7231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ORCiD","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024744661","display_name":"Arslan Shaukat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1612-111X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arslan Shaukat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019514645","display_name":"Sajid Gul Khawaja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-3470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Gul Khawaja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001125873","display_name":"Bilal Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3672-8100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.3336,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89094573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"44644","last_page":"44658"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","score":0.6635918617248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.6261310577392578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maculopathy","display_name":"Maculopathy","score":0.6250651478767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structure-tensor","display_name":"Structure tensor","score":0.551758885383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49415090680122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.4935044050216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.47846269607543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macular-edema","display_name":"Macular edema","score":0.46978655457496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4652095437049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45825257897377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retina","display_name":"Retina","score":0.4447663724422455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32946568727493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinopathy","display_name":"Retinopathy","score":0.13390198349952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10571518540382385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.0955314040184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09230080246925354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.6635918617248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.6261310577392578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781116099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3842207","display_name":"Maculopathy","level":4,"score":0.6250651478767395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113315163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625159","display_name":"Structure tensor","level":3,"score":0.551758885383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49415090680122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.4935044050216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.47846269607543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780347916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813737","display_name":"Macular edema","level":3,"score":0.46978655457496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4652095437049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45825257897377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342","display_name":"Retina","level":2,"score":0.4447663724422455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32946568727493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.13390198349952698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10571518540382385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0955314040184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09230080246925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2862626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2862626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:028bfb193109434d97c0451a52668422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/028bfb193109434d97c0451a52668422","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 44644-44658 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2862626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2862626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113783687","https://openalex.org/W1542873368","https://openalex.org/W1593107063","https://openalex.org/W1622067891","https://openalex.org/W1888653760","https://openalex.org/W1949130250","https://openalex.org/W1972121509","https://openalex.org/W1981774245","https://openalex.org/W1982966577","https://openalex.org/W2000053953","https://openalex.org/W2013754472","https://openalex.org/W2024200270","https://openalex.org/W2079049003","https://openalex.org/W2091872989","https://openalex.org/W2099433064","https://openalex.org/W2099842512","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2122585444","https://openalex.org/W2134542952","https://openalex.org/W2288495312","https://openalex.org/W2289913085","https://openalex.org/W2520186357","https://openalex.org/W2603023463","https://openalex.org/W2604543419","https://openalex.org/W2742087205","https://openalex.org/W3001645704","https://openalex.org/W3140507011","https://openalex.org/W6604665214","https://openalex.org/W6639826852","https://openalex.org/W6675150259","https://openalex.org/W6677656871","https://openalex.org/W6742159468","https://openalex.org/W6996289242","https://openalex.org/W7075636048"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1789818221","https://openalex.org/W2090020889","https://openalex.org/W2621450030","https://openalex.org/W2054330931","https://openalex.org/W2362796209","https://openalex.org/W2348498086","https://openalex.org/W2024924532","https://openalex.org/W747244433","https://openalex.org/W2040286589","https://openalex.org/W3037893349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maculopathy":[0],"is":[1,59,178],"a":[2,13,100,111,248],"collective":[3],"group":[4],"of":[5,12,22,40,54,72,132,226,236,252],"diseases":[6],"that":[7,63,109],"damages":[8],"the":[9,38,52,70,149,217,230,243],"central":[10,29],"region":[11],"retina":[14],"known":[15],"as":[16,76,158],"macula.":[17],"The":[18,136,169],"major":[19],"two":[20],"forms":[21],"maculopathy":[23],"are":[24],"macular":[25,42],"edema":[26],"(ME)":[27],"and":[28,74,88,114,121,155,160,162,165,176,186,204,233,239,254,259],"serous":[30,260],"chorioretinopathy":[31],"(CSCR).":[32],"Different":[33],"researchers":[34],"have":[35],"worked":[36],"on":[37,180],"identification":[39],"these":[41],"disorders":[43],"using":[44],"optical":[45],"coherence":[46],"tomography":[47],"(OCT)":[48],"images.":[49,95],"However,":[50],"to":[51,117],"best":[53],"our":[55],"knowledge,":[56],"no":[57],"research":[58],"reported":[60],"until":[61],"now":[62],"can":[64,138],"automatically":[65,118,152],"extract":[66,119,139],"retinal":[67,120,134,140],"information":[68,141],"for":[69,215,256],"grading":[71],"ME":[73,80,84,154],"CSCR":[75,90,156,164],"per":[77],"clinically":[78],"significant":[79,83],"(CSME),":[81],"non-clinically":[82],"(non-CSME),":[85],"Type-I":[86,163],"CSCR,":[87,167,203],"Type-II":[89,166],"clinical":[91],"standards":[92],"from":[93,143],"OCT":[94,146,190,208],"Therefore,":[96],"this":[97],"paper":[98],"presents":[99],"novel":[101],"structure":[102,112],"tensor":[103,113],"graph":[104,115],"searches":[105],"(ST-GS)-based":[106],"segmentation":[107],"framework":[108],"combines":[110],"theory":[116],"choroidal":[122],"layers":[123],"along":[124],"with":[125,229],"fluid":[126],"pores":[127],"followed":[128],"by":[129],"automated":[130],"reconstruction":[131],"3-D":[133],"surfaces.":[135],"ST-GS":[137],"even":[142],"highly":[144],"degraded":[145],"scans.":[147],"Furthermore,":[148,242],"proposed":[150,170,218,244],"system":[151,171,245],"grades":[153],"pathologies":[157],"CSME":[159],"non-CSME":[161],"respectively.":[168,241,262],"extracts":[172],"seven":[173],"distinct":[174],"features,":[175],"it":[177,221],"trained":[179],"30":[181,202,205],"(10":[182],"healthy,":[183,201],"10":[184,187],"ME,":[185],"CSCR)":[188],"labeled":[189],"volumes":[191,209],"containing":[192,210],"3840":[193],"brightness":[194],"scans":[195],"(B-scans).":[196],"After":[197],"that,":[198],"90":[199,227],"(30":[200],"ME)":[206],"unlabeled":[207],"11520":[211],"B-scans":[212],"were":[213],"used":[214],"testing":[216],"system,":[219],"where":[220],"correctly":[222],"classified":[223],"88":[224],"out":[225],"cases":[228],"sensitivity,":[231],"specificity,":[232],"accuracy":[234],"ratings":[235],"96.77%,":[237],"100%,":[238],"97.78%,":[240],"has":[246],"achieved":[247],"mean":[249],"dice":[250],"coefficient":[251],"0.875\u00b10.0342":[253],"0.92\u00b10.0258":[255],"extracting":[257],"cyst":[258],"fluids,":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
