{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2800323207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2835463","title":"Quantification of Parkinsonian Bradykinesia Based on Axis-Angle Representation and SVM Multiclass Classification Method","display_name":"Quantification of Parkinsonian Bradykinesia Based on Axis-Angle Representation and SVM Multiclass Classification Method","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2800323207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2835463","mag":"2800323207"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2835463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2835463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2835463","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101972989","display_name":"Zhirong Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-5507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151023","display_name":"Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing Haixi Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ev3vr27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151023"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhirong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-5507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151023","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112320845","display_name":"Yongsheng Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151023","display_name":"Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing Haixi Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ev3vr27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151023"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongsheng Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151023","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050132415","display_name":"Guoen Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0264-2125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129708740","display_name":"Fujian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/050s6ns64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163933","display_name":"Union Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/055gkcy74","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163933"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoen Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129708740","https://openalex.org/I4210163933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044583128","display_name":"Houde Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7417-7974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151023","display_name":"Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing Haixi Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ev3vr27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151023"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houde Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151023","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025619752","display_name":"Xuke Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151023","display_name":"Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing Haixi Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ev3vr27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151023"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuke Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151023","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008636197","display_name":"Yandan Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9629-1118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151023","display_name":"Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing Haixi Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ev3vr27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151023"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yandan Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151023","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005245664","display_name":"Tim C. Lueth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8949-5764"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim C. Lueth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Bayern, DE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Bayern, DE","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.5229,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81611054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"26895","last_page":"26903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9460999965667725,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7775183916091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6245496273040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5535135269165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49898338317871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4904472529888153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.46717318892478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.45443835854530334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.439893513917923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36675959825515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.35321640968322754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7775183916091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6245496273040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5535135269165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49898338317871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4904472529888153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.46717318892478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.45443835854530334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.439893513917923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36675959825515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35321640968322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2835463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2835463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9b9f681c2ebe4798b2c44c36182fb0ba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9b9f681c2ebe4798b2c44c36182fb0ba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 26895-26903 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2835463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2835463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3322150923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YZ201510","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5118145997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327945","display_name":"Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina - Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0k6341"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484353795","https://openalex.org/W1506704752","https://openalex.org/W1575373148","https://openalex.org/W1983248613","https://openalex.org/W1997239259","https://openalex.org/W2067993536","https://openalex.org/W2070764212","https://openalex.org/W2091286561","https://openalex.org/W2095134828","https://openalex.org/W2109943925","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2125628414","https://openalex.org/W2126384236","https://openalex.org/W2129135333","https://openalex.org/W2134562673","https://openalex.org/W2140978740","https://openalex.org/W2145954079","https://openalex.org/W2155712813","https://openalex.org/W2158643772","https://openalex.org/W2162592883","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2338537628","https://openalex.org/W2395784021","https://openalex.org/W2580321298","https://openalex.org/W2752593651","https://openalex.org/W4210952882","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6683333726"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W2104657898","https://openalex.org/W1948992892","https://openalex.org/W1886884218","https://openalex.org/W1910826599","https://openalex.org/W2012353789","https://openalex.org/W2530420969","https://openalex.org/W2051187167","https://openalex.org/W1980100242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"evaluation":[1],"of":[2,14,39,74,146,179,192],"bradykinesia":[3,43,68,105,129,169,194],"plays":[4],"a":[5,167],"crucial":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,171],"the":[9,18,28,40,67,72,78,82,90,98,109,118,128,143,147,160,175,186,193],"diagnosis":[10],"and":[11,27,56,136,173,189],"therapy":[12],"effect":[13],"Parkinson\u2019s":[15],"disease.":[16],"However,":[17],"subjective":[19],"assessment":[20,101,177],"shows":[21],"low":[22],"consistency":[23],"among":[24],"different":[25,37],"evaluators,":[26],"objective":[29,49,125,162],"sensor-based":[30],"methods":[31],"cannot":[32],"accurately":[33],"distinguish":[34],"patients":[35,135],"with":[36,133],"grades":[38],"5-point":[41,168],"clinical":[42,176],"ratings.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46,182],"paper,":[47],"an":[48,124],"scoring":[50,163],"method":[51,149,164,183],"based":[52],"on":[53,127],"axis-angle":[54,83],"representation":[55,84],"multi-class":[57],"support":[58],"vector":[59],"machine":[60],"(SVM)":[61],"classifier":[62],"was":[63,86,150,153],"employed":[64,87],"to":[65,88,96,116,122,155],"estimate":[66],"severity.":[69,130],"To":[70],"reduce":[71],"dimension":[73],"attitude":[75],"data":[76],"for":[77],"better":[79],"statistical":[80],"analysis,":[81],"approach":[85,178],"obtain":[89],"1-":[91],"D":[92],"combined":[93,111],"orientation":[94,112],"angle":[95,113],"express":[97],"3-D":[99],"hand-grasping":[100],"task.":[102],"The":[103],"significant":[104],"features":[106],"extracted":[107],"from":[108],"1-D":[110],"were":[114],"used":[115],"train":[117],"SVM":[119],"classification":[120,144],"algorithm":[121],"acquire":[123],"score":[126,170],"Clinical":[131],"experiments":[132],"78":[134],"18":[137],"age-matched":[138],"healthy":[139],"subjects":[140],"showed":[141],"that":[142],"accuracy":[145],"proposed":[148,161],"95.349%,":[151],"which":[152],"superior":[154],"other":[156],"related":[157],"reports.":[158],"Hence,":[159],"can":[165],"provide":[166],"real-time,":[172],"matches":[174],"neurologists.":[180],"Moreover,":[181],"improves":[184],"both":[185],"inter-rater":[187],"reliability":[188,191],"intra-rater":[190],"assessment.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}