{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2796170465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2822238","title":"Ternary Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Brain-Computer Interface With Increased Information Transfer Rate Using Prefrontal Hemodynamic Changes During Mental Arithmetic, Breath-Holding, and Idle State","display_name":"Ternary Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Brain-Computer Interface With Increased Information Transfer Rate Using Prefrontal Hemodynamic Changes During Mental Arithmetic, Breath-Holding, and Idle State","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2796170465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2822238","mag":"2796170465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2822238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2822238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2822238","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062619576","display_name":"Jaeyoung Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2899-6893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyoung Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044842727","display_name":"Jinuk Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0705-7299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinuk Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052041167","display_name":"JongKwan Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2159-9246"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongkwan Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["OBELAB, Inc., Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OBELAB, Inc., Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018807391","display_name":"Chang\u2010Hwan Im","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3795-3318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang-Hwan Im","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3795-3318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062619576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.0535,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86040875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"19491","last_page":"19498"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.9458783268928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefrontal-cortex","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","score":0.6128876805305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5092283487319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ternary-operation","display_name":"Ternary operation","score":0.4849388897418976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.32172489166259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23233070969581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.22933223843574524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.14303085207939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.09326666593551636}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.9458783268928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.6128876805305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5092283487319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64452783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1524945","display_name":"Ternary operation","level":2,"score":0.4849388897418976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32172489166259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23233070969581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.22933223843574524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.14303085207939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.09326666593551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2822238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2822238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9989a52beeab498faf5a72e072ac29dc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9989a52beeab498faf5a72e072ac29dc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 19491-19498 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2822238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2822238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6682053710","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2015M3C7A1031969","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G78487653","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1A6A3A01003543","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W636411936","https://openalex.org/W1968911628","https://openalex.org/W1975569588","https://openalex.org/W1983195655","https://openalex.org/W1999667678","https://openalex.org/W2000052799","https://openalex.org/W2003621157","https://openalex.org/W2005593275","https://openalex.org/W2020982601","https://openalex.org/W2022021629","https://openalex.org/W2025564775","https://openalex.org/W2045561515","https://openalex.org/W2046649434","https://openalex.org/W2048090360","https://openalex.org/W2062500193","https://openalex.org/W2065628708","https://openalex.org/W2066303625","https://openalex.org/W2082504982","https://openalex.org/W2083819547","https://openalex.org/W2106006415","https://openalex.org/W2112686332","https://openalex.org/W2139594745","https://openalex.org/W2154533194","https://openalex.org/W2175691575","https://openalex.org/W2403441501","https://openalex.org/W2552578398","https://openalex.org/W2552980087","https://openalex.org/W2594217161","https://openalex.org/W2738926490","https://openalex.org/W2770934968","https://openalex.org/W4238240379"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3202969339","https://openalex.org/W4237513258","https://openalex.org/W1994410349","https://openalex.org/W3177028067","https://openalex.org/W1913385466","https://openalex.org/W2889342546","https://openalex.org/W2015048155","https://openalex.org/W1616854372","https://openalex.org/W1969223073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,26],"implementation":[1],"of":[2,24,28,31,52,80,91,119,131,144,161,175],"a":[3,22,60,111,203],"multi-class":[4],"brain-computer":[5],"interface":[6],"(BCI)":[7],"is":[8,30,127],"an":[9,113,156],"efficient":[10,211],"way":[11],"to":[12,58,106,139,201],"increase":[13],"the":[14,49,53,77,89,128,142,151,159,162,176,185,190],"information":[15],"transfer":[16],"rate":[17],"(ITR)":[18],"generally":[19],"expressed":[20],"in":[21,88],"unit":[23],"bits/trial.":[25],"improvement":[27],"ITR":[29,160],"specific":[32],"importance":[33],"for":[34,208],"near-infrared":[35],"spectroscopy":[36],"(NIRS)-BCI,":[37],"because":[38],"brain":[39],"hemodynamic":[40,71,136,186],"responses":[41,51],"recorded":[42],"by":[43,74,189,195],"NIRS":[44],"are":[45],"much":[46],"slower":[47],"than":[48,173],"electrophysiological":[50],"brain.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"paper,":[57],"implement":[59,107],"ternary":[61,108,116,163,212],"NIRS-BCI":[62,132],"with":[63],"increased":[64,149],"ITR,":[65],"we":[66,94],"used":[67,87,95],"prefrontal":[68],"cortex":[69],"(PFC)":[70],"changes":[72,137,187],"induced":[73,188],"breath-holding":[75,191,199],"(i.e.,":[76],"voluntary":[78],"suppression":[79],"breathing":[81],"movements),":[82],"which":[83,126],"have":[84],"never":[85],"been":[86],"field":[90],"BCIs.":[92],"Additionally,":[93],"traditional":[96,177],"BCI":[97,164,179,206],"tasks":[98],"such":[99],"as":[100],"mental":[101,196],"arithmetic":[102],"and":[103,150],"idle":[104],"state":[105,197],"NIRS-BCI.":[109,213],"As":[110],"result,":[112],"average":[114],"offline":[115],"classification":[117,152],"accuracy":[118,153],"72.6":[120],"\u00b1":[121,166,181],"10.7%":[122],"could":[123],"be":[124,202],"achieved,":[125],"best":[129],"performance":[130],"based":[133],"on":[134],"PFC":[135],"reported":[138],"date.":[140],"Because":[141],"number":[143],"available":[145],"input":[146],"commands":[147],"was":[148,169],"remained":[154],"at":[155],"acceptable":[157],"level,":[158],"(0.51":[165],"0.29":[167],"bits/trial)":[168],"1.6":[170],"times":[171],"higher":[172],"that":[174],"binary":[178],"(0.31":[180],"0.21":[182],"bits/trial).":[183],"Although":[184],"were":[192],"not":[193],"caused":[194],"changes,":[198],"proved":[200],"promising":[204],"hybrid":[205],"task":[207],"implementing":[209],"more":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
