{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2794478543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2820122","title":"FPGA Hardware Implementation of DOA Estimation Algorithm Employing LU Decomposition","display_name":"FPGA Hardware Implementation of DOA Estimation Algorithm Employing LU Decomposition","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2794478543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2820122","mag":"2794478543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2820122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2820122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2820122","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041019752","display_name":"Ahmed A. Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1873-9746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed A. Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1873-9746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037702389","display_name":"Nizar Tayem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2640-3540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nizar Tayem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088907765","display_name":"Muhammad Omair Butt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Omair Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060211303","display_name":"Abdel\u2010Hamid Soliman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-1107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","display_name":"University of Staffordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/00d6k8y35","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdel-Hamid Soliman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063355170","display_name":"Abdulrahman Alhamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2049-797X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284598098","display_name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05tdz6m39","country_code":"SA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284598098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulrahman Alhamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["KACST-TIC in RF and Photonics for the e-Society (RFTONICS), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2049-797X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KACST-TIC in RF and Photonics for the e-Society (RFTONICS), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161","https://openalex.org/I1284598098"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048294128","display_name":"Saleh A. Alshebeili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-9277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284598098","display_name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05tdz6m39","country_code":"SA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284598098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh Alshebeili","raw_affiliation_strings":["KACST-TIC in RF and Photonics for the e-Society (RFTONICS), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KACST-TIC in RF and Photonics for the e-Society (RFTONICS), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161","https://openalex.org/I1284598098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041019752"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.8254,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91675908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"17666","last_page":"17680"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8729580640792847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7939693927764893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qr-decomposition","display_name":"QR decomposition","score":0.6693211197853088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matlab","display_name":"MATLAB","score":0.6647701263427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.565832257270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lu-decomposition","display_name":"LU decomposition","score":0.550825834274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5445343852043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-decomposition","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","score":0.525439441204071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtex","display_name":"Virtex","score":0.5216322541236877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.46695050597190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array","display_name":"Gate array","score":0.4348646104335785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3368178606033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.17813622951507568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8729580640792847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7939693927764893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188060507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653242","display_name":"QR decomposition","level":3,"score":0.6693211197853088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.6647701263427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.565832257270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123213974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q833089","display_name":"LU decomposition","level":4,"score":0.550825834274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5445343852043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42355184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361088","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","level":3,"score":0.525439441204071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777674469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20741011","display_name":"Virtex","level":3,"score":0.5216322541236877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.46695050597190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.4348646104335785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3368178606033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.17813622951507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2820122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2820122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.staffs.ac.uk:5139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401113","display_name":"Staffordshire Online Repository (Staffordshire University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I198012923","host_organization_name":"University of Staffordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198012923"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5596eddfed2b4a3ab2a738b48e1b03bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5596eddfed2b4a3ab2a738b48e1b03bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 17666-17680 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2820122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2820122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2392925151","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG-1438-092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W301947721","https://openalex.org/W391578156","https://openalex.org/W1559749676","https://openalex.org/W1577816227","https://openalex.org/W1583704098","https://openalex.org/W1928864009","https://openalex.org/W1952629836","https://openalex.org/W1981745143","https://openalex.org/W2007907716","https://openalex.org/W2023771239","https://openalex.org/W2032226354","https://openalex.org/W2037692735","https://openalex.org/W2048598816","https://openalex.org/W2051304830","https://openalex.org/W2065757462","https://openalex.org/W2076186064","https://openalex.org/W2089338512","https://openalex.org/W2091669883","https://openalex.org/W2096332943","https://openalex.org/W2110228060","https://openalex.org/W2112519112","https://openalex.org/W2113233751","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2134609006","https://openalex.org/W2136172079","https://openalex.org/W2149408085","https://openalex.org/W2150868299","https://openalex.org/W2157055180","https://openalex.org/W2169211815","https://openalex.org/W2172135806","https://openalex.org/W2475277888","https://openalex.org/W2535538881","https://openalex.org/W2610857016","https://openalex.org/W2614664366","https://openalex.org/W6634941986","https://openalex.org/W6640162162","https://openalex.org/W6673220057","https://openalex.org/W6676858998","https://openalex.org/W6682035638","https://openalex.org/W6682096684"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078349096","https://openalex.org/W2002598339","https://openalex.org/W2150953077","https://openalex.org/W1599936522","https://openalex.org/W2142486491","https://openalex.org/W2006707200","https://openalex.org/W2391999311","https://openalex.org/W2919544312","https://openalex.org/W1988437637","https://openalex.org/W4388311419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"authors":[3],"present":[4],"their":[5],"work":[6],"on":[7,40],"field-programmable":[8],"gate":[9],"array":[10,69],"(FPGA)":[11],"hardware":[12,57,114,159],"implementation":[13,37,115],"of":[14,17,71,97,108,116,128,165],"proposed":[15,93,99,110,130],"direction":[16],"arrival":[18],"estimation":[19,166],"algorithms":[20,100,111],"employing":[21],"LU":[22],"factorization.":[23],"Both":[24,119],"L":[25],"and":[26,44,122,151,171,180],"U":[27],"matrices":[28],"were":[29,88,101],"considered":[30],"in":[31,136,163],"computing":[32],"the":[33,78,92,98,106,109,117,126,129,137,157],"angle":[34],"estimates.":[35],"Hardware":[36],"was":[38,48,75],"done":[39],"a":[41],"Virtex-5":[42],"FPGA":[43,81,144],"its":[45],"experimental":[46,123],"verification":[47,124],"performed":[49,103],"using":[50],"National":[51],"Instruments":[52],"PXI":[53],"platform":[54],"which":[55],"provides":[56],"modules":[58,82],"for":[59,90,177],"data":[60,179],"acquisition,":[61],"RF":[62],"down-conversion,":[63],"digitization,":[64],"etc.":[65],"A":[66],"uniform":[67],"linear":[68],"consisting":[70],"four":[72],"antenna":[73],"elements":[74],"deployed":[76],"at":[77],"receiver.":[79],"LabVIEW":[80],"with":[83,156],"high":[84],"throughput":[85],"math":[86],"functions":[87],"used":[89],"implementing":[91],"algorithms.":[94],"MATLAB":[95,120],"simulations":[96],"also":[102,175],"to":[104,113],"validate":[105],"efficacy":[107],"prior":[112],"same.":[118],"simulation":[121],"establish":[125],"superiority":[127],"methods":[131,134],"over":[132],"existing":[133],"reported":[135],"literature,":[138],"such":[139],"as":[140],"QR":[141],"decomposition-based":[142],"implementations.":[143],"compilation":[145],"results":[146],"report":[147],"low":[148],"resource":[149,169],"usage":[150],"faster":[152],"computation":[153],"time":[154,173],"compared":[155],"QR-based":[158],"implementation.":[160],"Performance":[161],"comparison":[162],"terms":[164],"accuracy,":[167],"percentage":[168],"utilization,":[170],"processing":[172],"is":[174],"presented":[176],"different":[178],"matrix":[181],"sizes.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
