{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2791590003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2819940","title":"On the Practical Art of State Definitions for Markov Decision Process Construction","display_name":"On the Practical Art of State Definitions for Markov Decision Process Construction","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2791590003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2819940","mag":"2791590003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2819940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2819940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2819940","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051468788","display_name":"William T. Scherer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-7898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William T. Scherer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060460337","display_name":"Stephen Adams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1207-4504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1207-4504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056670558","display_name":"Peter A. Beling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-6982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter A. Beling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.2738,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81616927,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"21115","last_page":"21128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7093367576599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6774583458900452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.5750930905342102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5342475771903992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-space","display_name":"State space","score":0.513382077217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5052028298377991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4214220643043518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.37487271428108215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.36780476570129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.34253546595573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10214170813560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09593603014945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08833035826683044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7093367576599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6774583458900452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.5750930905342102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5342475771903992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72434380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930","display_name":"State space","level":2,"score":0.513382077217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5052028298377991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4214220643043518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.37487271428108215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.36780476570129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.34253546595573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10214170813560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09593603014945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08833035826683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2819940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2819940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:68770389d2574b10948ae99d695f4138","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/68770389d2574b10948ae99d695f4138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 21115-21128 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2819940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2819940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33911032","https://openalex.org/W565770047","https://openalex.org/W1494853941","https://openalex.org/W1516418405","https://openalex.org/W1545148916","https://openalex.org/W1971913572","https://openalex.org/W1980102442","https://openalex.org/W1987411164","https://openalex.org/W1990460837","https://openalex.org/W2000630887","https://openalex.org/W2001301984","https://openalex.org/W2016945372","https://openalex.org/W2025267090","https://openalex.org/W2051828847","https://openalex.org/W2052462336","https://openalex.org/W2056859449","https://openalex.org/W2058812148","https://openalex.org/W2060050130","https://openalex.org/W2061562262","https://openalex.org/W2082796751","https://openalex.org/W2089834667","https://openalex.org/W2092543186","https://openalex.org/W2096630263","https://openalex.org/W2097623341","https://openalex.org/W2102660061","https://openalex.org/W2102962763","https://openalex.org/W2115809996","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2122259487","https://openalex.org/W2134491302","https://openalex.org/W2141587120","https://openalex.org/W2145262827","https://openalex.org/W2160805324","https://openalex.org/W2162711882","https://openalex.org/W2167596735","https://openalex.org/W2171302338","https://openalex.org/W2227909145","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2530113115","https://openalex.org/W3101824822","https://openalex.org/W3125310323","https://openalex.org/W3143013317","https://openalex.org/W3159587197","https://openalex.org/W4243974393","https://openalex.org/W4249358576","https://openalex.org/W4255582690","https://openalex.org/W4298023569","https://openalex.org/W4298306564","https://openalex.org/W6616132296"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388236136","https://openalex.org/W2807018115","https://openalex.org/W4200250224","https://openalex.org/W2126560268","https://openalex.org/W2285658092","https://openalex.org/W187740018","https://openalex.org/W2482498454","https://openalex.org/W2162286586","https://openalex.org/W2947128950","https://openalex.org/W4255368532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"problems":[1],"faced":[2],"by":[3],"decision":[4,26,49],"makers":[5,50],"today":[6],"involve":[7],"the":[8,55,61,65,68,90,110,126,129,139,142,156,169,176],"management":[9],"of":[10,46,57,67,89,95,103,113,125,144,194,203,207],"large":[11],"scale,":[12],"complex":[13],"systems":[14],"that":[15],"can":[16],"be":[17,191],"modeled":[18],"as":[19],"state-based":[20],"control":[21],"problems,":[22,48],"specifically":[23],"discrete":[24],"Markov":[25],"process":[27],"(MDP).":[28],"Typical":[29],"examples":[30],"include":[31],"transportation":[32],"systems,":[33,35],"defense":[34],"healthcare":[36],"networks,":[37],"financial":[38],"organizations,":[39],"and":[40,63,98,163,166,172],"general":[41],"infrastructure":[42],"problems.":[43],"In":[44,72],"all":[45],"these":[47,180,208],"have":[51],"difficulty":[52],"in":[53,60,82,155,210],"forecasting":[54],"state":[56,130,146,177],"their":[58],"system":[59],"future":[62],"capturing":[64],"dynamics":[66],"states":[69],"over":[70],"time.":[71],"this":[73,104,145,152],"paper,":[74],"we":[75,167],"discuss,":[76],"via":[77],"numerous":[78,120,183],"examples,":[79],"practical":[80,111,170],"experiences":[81,204],"trying":[83],"to":[84,138,190],"build":[85],"such":[86],"models.":[87],"Much":[88],"literature":[91],"discusses":[92],"theoretical":[93],"issues":[94,173,181],"solution":[96],"convergence":[97],"algorithm":[99],"performance;":[100],"unfortunately,":[101],"much":[102],"research":[105],"does":[106],"not":[107,188],"help":[108],"with":[109,123,175,182],"business":[112],"building":[114,205],"an":[115,160,201],"actual":[116],"MDP":[117,157,198],"model.":[118],"Thus,":[119],"books":[121],"begin":[122],"statement":[124],"nature:":[127],"\"given":[128],"space":[131,147],"S.":[132],".":[133],"..\"":[134],"A":[135],"critical":[136],"question":[137],"practitioner":[140],"is":[141,187],"creation":[143],"\"S.\"":[148],"We":[149],"focus":[150],"on":[151],"first":[153],"step":[154],"modeling":[158],"process,":[159],"often":[161],"neglected":[162],"difficult":[164],"step,":[165],"discuss":[168],"implications":[171],"associated":[174],"definition,":[178],"illustrating":[179],"examples.":[184],"This":[185],"paper":[186],"meant":[189],"a":[192],"survey":[193],"\"state-based\"":[195],"applications":[196],"or":[197],"applications,":[199],"but":[200],"overview":[202],"many":[206],"models":[209],"diverse":[211],"applications.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
