{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2789394508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2816781","title":"Performance Analysis of Nanoelectromechanical Relay-Based Field-Programmable Gate Arrays","display_name":"Performance Analysis of Nanoelectromechanical Relay-Based Field-Programmable Gate Arrays","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2789394508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2816781","mag":"2789394508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2816781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2816781","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8274985/08318576.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8274985/08318576.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113605999","display_name":"Qin Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tian Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006681830","display_name":"Simon J. Bleiker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4867-0391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon J. Bleiker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080340290","display_name":"Sunil Rana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7462-9528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunil Rana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085711393","display_name":"Frank Niklaus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0525-8647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Niklaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018789044","display_name":"Dinesh Pamunuwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4838-7932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinesh Pamunuwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4838-7932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113605999"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.7855,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73111273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"15997","last_page":"16009"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11272","display_name":"Nanowire Synthesis and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10923","display_name":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.5859752893447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.551281213760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.4877980053424835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.42332717776298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.37404441833496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36378419399261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3300948739051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2159181833267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.20874997973442078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20791509747505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1756475269794464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.5859752893447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.551281213760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.4877980053424835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.42332717776298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.37404441833496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36378419399261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3300948739051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2159181833267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.20874997973442078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20791509747505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1756475269794464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2816781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2816781","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8274985/08318576.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/83c989db-3711-4054-8c02-1e901e97faf7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/83c989db-3711-4054-8c02-1e901e97faf7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Qin, T, Bleiker, S J, Rana, S, Niklaus, F & Pamunuwa, D 2018, 'Performance Analysis of Nanoelectromechanical Relay-Based Field-Programmable Gate Arrays', IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 15997-16009. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2816781","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-207184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-207184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article in journal"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:631ffaec21f24f28af35197aa2ecfd9d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/631ffaec21f24f28af35197aa2ecfd9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 15997-16009 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2816781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2816781","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8274985/08318576.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3072406079","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IFS1718\\29","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","funder_display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4537357723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"680884","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338352","funder_display_name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8025591654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"277879","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338352","funder_display_name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8271324776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61931-453231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","funder_display_name":"Innovate UK"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0526snb40"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","display_name":"Innovate UK","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar5fy68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338352","display_name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2789394508.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2789394508.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523051745","https://openalex.org/W1566579589","https://openalex.org/W1758293625","https://openalex.org/W1967986627","https://openalex.org/W1968221558","https://openalex.org/W1980047891","https://openalex.org/W1987909848","https://openalex.org/W1989487074","https://openalex.org/W1995184712","https://openalex.org/W1995660891","https://openalex.org/W2005602803","https://openalex.org/W2009608485","https://openalex.org/W2014153841","https://openalex.org/W2026249950","https://openalex.org/W2032504740","https://openalex.org/W2038318386","https://openalex.org/W2044404967","https://openalex.org/W2049787151","https://openalex.org/W2056057756","https://openalex.org/W2072524948","https://openalex.org/W2074599790","https://openalex.org/W2077070937","https://openalex.org/W2113645429","https://openalex.org/W2116094656","https://openalex.org/W2118418514","https://openalex.org/W2126165200","https://openalex.org/W2138840350","https://openalex.org/W2144827696","https://openalex.org/W2144853876","https://openalex.org/W2170484736","https://openalex.org/W2261882977","https://openalex.org/W2262675201","https://openalex.org/W2307411873","https://openalex.org/W2319700302","https://openalex.org/W2467120747","https://openalex.org/W2615574163","https://openalex.org/W2790977462","https://openalex.org/W3137130277","https://openalex.org/W4206706389","https://openalex.org/W4239175426","https://openalex.org/W6653737833","https://openalex.org/W6698690262","https://openalex.org/W6720482152","https://openalex.org/W6738661371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2539674285","https://openalex.org/W1998322187","https://openalex.org/W1038122923","https://openalex.org/W2952514781","https://openalex.org/W3019210376","https://openalex.org/W2391145594","https://openalex.org/W2326572623","https://openalex.org/W1559320887","https://openalex.org/W2284606164"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,155],"energy":[1,15,32,77,127,163,226,247],"consumption":[2],"of":[3,50,81,94,101,152,184,195,208],"field-programmable":[4],"gate":[5],"arrays":[6],"(FPGA)":[7],"is":[8,165,176],"dominated":[9],"by":[10,148,178],"leakage":[11,31],"currents":[12],"and":[13,44,62,113,126,132,162,204],"dynamic":[14,37],"associated":[16],"with":[17,220],"programmable":[18],"interconnect.":[19],"An":[20],"FPGA":[21],"built":[22],"entirely":[23],"from":[24],"nanoelectromechanical":[25],"(NEM)":[26],"relays":[27,64,105],"can":[28,235],"effectively":[29],"eliminate":[30],"losses,":[33],"reduce":[34],"the":[35,67,92,99,138,150],"interconnect":[36],"energy,":[38],"operate":[39],"at":[40],"temperatures":[41],">225":[42],"\u00b0C":[43],"tolerate":[45],"radiation":[46],"doses":[47],"in":[48,72,129,167,246],"excess":[49],"100":[51],"Mrad,":[52],"while":[53],"hybrid":[54],"FPGAs":[55,102,234],"comprising":[56],"both":[57,130],"complementary":[58],"metal-oxide-semiconductor":[59],"(CMOS)":[60],"transistors":[61],"NEM":[63,82,104],"(NEM-CMOS)":[65],"have":[66],"potential":[68],"to":[69,91,119,124,238],"realize":[70],"improvements":[71],"performance":[73,125,161,231],"<italic":[74],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[75,187,198,211,240],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">and</i>":[76],"efficiency.":[78,248],"Large-scale":[79],"integration":[80,111,139],"relays,":[83],"however,":[84],"poses":[85],"a":[86,108,116,142,170,205],"significant":[87],"engineering":[88],"challenge":[89],"due":[90],"presence":[93],"moving":[95],"parts.":[96],"We":[97,135],"discuss":[98],"design":[100],"utilizing":[103],"based":[106],"on":[107,145],"heterogeneous":[109],"3-D":[110],"scheme,":[112],"carry":[114],"out":[115],"scaling":[117,156],"study":[118],"quantify":[120],"key":[121],"metrics":[122,147],"related":[123],"efficiency":[128],"NEM-only":[131,233],"NEM-CMOS":[133,168],"FPGAs.":[134],"show":[136],"how":[137],"scheme":[140],"has":[141],"profound":[143],"effect":[144],"these":[146],"changing":[149],"length":[151,183],"global":[153],"wires.":[154],"regime":[157],"beyond":[158],"which":[159],"net":[160],"benefits":[164],"seen":[166],"over":[169],"baseline":[171],"90":[172],"nm":[173],"CMOS":[174],"technology":[175],"defined":[177],"an":[179],"effective":[180],"relay":[181],"beam":[182],"0.5":[185],"<inline-formula":[186,197,210,239],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[188,199,212,241],"<tex-math":[189,200,213,242],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu":[190,214],"\\text{m}$":[191,215],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[192,202,216,244],",":[193,203,217],"on-resistance":[194],"200":[196],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\text{k}\\Omega$":[201],"via":[206],"pitch":[207],"0.4":[209],"all":[218],"achievable":[219],"existing":[221],"process":[222],"technology.":[223],"For":[224],"ultra-low":[225],"applications":[227],"that":[228],"are":[229],"not":[230],"critical,":[232],"provide":[236],"close":[237],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$15\\times$":[243],"improvement":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
