{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2789653925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2799974","title":"On the Concatenated Transmission Scheme With the Low-Complexity Symbol-Level Watermark Decoder for Recovering the Synchronization","display_name":"On the Concatenated Transmission Scheme With the Low-Complexity Symbol-Level Watermark Decoder for Recovering the Synchronization","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2789653925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2799974","mag":"2789653925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2799974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2799974","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08274906.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08274906.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390961","display_name":"Yuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-8979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15062923","display_name":"Tianjin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2td559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15062923"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-8979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile Communications and Power Transmission, College of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15062923"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100390961"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15062923"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.1856,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52053885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"160927","last_page":"160933"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.864077091217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.749819278717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7087357044219971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6350423097610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trellis","display_name":"Trellis (graph)","score":0.600287675857544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5769866108894348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5285543203353882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-code","display_name":"Convolutional code","score":0.49774864315986633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenated-error-correction-code","display_name":"Concatenated error correction code","score":0.49507561326026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4818955063819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.44303321838378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-decision-decoder","display_name":"Soft-decision decoder","score":0.4327777624130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4303724765777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbol","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","score":0.4209454655647278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.38383278250694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2149040400981903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.2031010091304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10591867566108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10494044423103333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10195291042327881}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.864077091217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.749819278717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7087357044219971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6350423097610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7838009","display_name":"Trellis (graph)","level":3,"score":0.600287675857544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5769866108894348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5285543203353882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157899210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395022","display_name":"Convolutional code","level":3,"score":0.49774864315986633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78944582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158264","display_name":"Concatenated error correction code","level":4,"score":0.49507561326026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4818955063819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.44303321838378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185588885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7553811","display_name":"Soft-decision decoder","level":3,"score":0.4327777624130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4303724765777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134400042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372244","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","level":2,"score":0.4209454655647278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38383278250694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2149040400981903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.2031010091304779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10591867566108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10494044423103333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10195291042327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2799974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2799974","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08274906.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9989fe4eaaf147259a132142fbc326e1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9989fe4eaaf147259a132142fbc326e1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 7, Pp 160927-160933 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2799974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2799974","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8600701/08274906.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6947047466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"043135202-XB1711","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324792","funder_display_name":"Tianjin Normal University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324792","display_name":"Tianjin Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2td559"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2789653925.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2789653925.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518976047","https://openalex.org/W1522919591","https://openalex.org/W2031486208","https://openalex.org/W2051094312","https://openalex.org/W2052189947","https://openalex.org/W2061475625","https://openalex.org/W2065744137","https://openalex.org/W2075397399","https://openalex.org/W2094765770","https://openalex.org/W2105597036","https://openalex.org/W2120978458","https://openalex.org/W2137484241","https://openalex.org/W2141042115","https://openalex.org/W2145748954","https://openalex.org/W2156506761","https://openalex.org/W2161994444","https://openalex.org/W2167082268","https://openalex.org/W2168596136","https://openalex.org/W2495307760","https://openalex.org/W2543521958","https://openalex.org/W2547637422","https://openalex.org/W2584151571","https://openalex.org/W2614166115","https://openalex.org/W6674108538","https://openalex.org/W6683350718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3112504045","https://openalex.org/W2078980669","https://openalex.org/W2164296051","https://openalex.org/W2050807314","https://openalex.org/W2141514624","https://openalex.org/W2154949486","https://openalex.org/W1996491504","https://openalex.org/W2534582423","https://openalex.org/W2121305283","https://openalex.org/W2101868111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Davey\u2013MacKay":[1],"(DM)":[2],"concatenated":[3,38],"code":[4],"employing":[5],"the":[6,27,33,36,41,49,52,58,77,89,95,105,108],"symbol-level":[7],"watermark":[8,53,96],"decoding":[9,109],"algorithm":[10,110],"is":[11,73,111],"able":[12],"to":[13,47,56,75],"correct":[14],"a":[15,64,71,114],"large":[16,42,66],"number":[17],"of":[18,91,107,118],"binary":[19],"insertions,":[20],"deletions,":[21],"and":[22,60,83],"substitutions,":[23],"while":[24],"it":[25],"has":[26],"high":[28],"computational":[29],"complexity":[30,106],"for":[31],"recovering":[32],"synchronization.":[34],"In":[35,68],"DM":[37],"scheme,":[39],"at":[40,113],"insertion/deletion":[43],"probability,":[44],"in":[45,88,104],"order":[46],"achieve":[48],"reliable":[50],"output,":[51],"decoder":[54],"needs":[55],"perform":[57],"forward":[59,82],"backward":[61,84],"passes":[62],"on":[63],"very":[65,80,115],"trellis.":[67],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"threshold":[72],"selected":[74],"prevent":[76],"paths":[78],"having":[79],"low":[81],"quantities":[85],"from":[86,94],"participating":[87],"calculation":[90],"log-likelihood":[92],"ratios":[93],"decoder.":[97],"Simulation":[98],"results":[99],"show":[100],"that":[101],"great":[102],"reduction":[103],"achieved":[112],"slight":[116],"expense":[117],"accuracy.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}