{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793405769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2794587","title":"A Dictionary Learning Based Automatic Modulation Classification Method","display_name":"A Dictionary Learning Based Automatic Modulation Classification Method","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793405769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2794587","mag":"2793405769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2794587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2794587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2794587","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101478583","display_name":"Kezhong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5063-7446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kezhong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080957110","display_name":"Li Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2779-3595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Easton Li Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001714538","display_name":"Zhiyong Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5322-222X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405787","display_name":"Ping Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-104X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101478583"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.7232,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94417136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"5607","last_page":"5617"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9585999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8192704916000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.6502169966697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5641383528709412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5343799591064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dictionary-learning","display_name":"Dictionary learning","score":0.5336578488349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5251514911651611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5009622573852539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49297356605529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-approximation","display_name":"Sparse approximation","score":0.4908028542995453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4309561252593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3953997492790222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33122050762176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07310771942138672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8192704916000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.6502169966697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5641383528709412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5343799591064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988886741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25304494","display_name":"Dictionary learning","level":3,"score":0.5336578488349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5251514911651611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5009622573852539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49297356605529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124066611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28684319","display_name":"Sparse approximation","level":2,"score":0.4908028542995453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4309561252593994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3953997492790222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33122050762176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07310771942138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2794587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2794587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7f50c6fa9a004a0e95d9739ab77397f2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7f50c6fa9a004a0e95d9739ab77397f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 5607-5617 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2794587","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2794587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4140924936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61631003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8250112729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61525101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335803","display_name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research and Discipline Layout project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1645634464","https://openalex.org/W1865458182","https://openalex.org/W1890834058","https://openalex.org/W1968154520","https://openalex.org/W2002643600","https://openalex.org/W2005956500","https://openalex.org/W2027982384","https://openalex.org/W2048654658","https://openalex.org/W2055224708","https://openalex.org/W2078853581","https://openalex.org/W2082114499","https://openalex.org/W2083493778","https://openalex.org/W2114267371","https://openalex.org/W2115429828","https://openalex.org/W2119857453","https://openalex.org/W2129732816","https://openalex.org/W2147576921","https://openalex.org/W2147735901","https://openalex.org/W2160547390","https://openalex.org/W2170778725","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2296399167","https://openalex.org/W2462814607","https://openalex.org/W2484306220","https://openalex.org/W2548159479","https://openalex.org/W2609222605","https://openalex.org/W2620752075","https://openalex.org/W2620945750","https://openalex.org/W2753161394","https://openalex.org/W2963349467","https://openalex.org/W3107271352"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2509955295","https://openalex.org/W1987225540","https://openalex.org/W2363993830","https://openalex.org/W1778286912","https://openalex.org/W2116933539","https://openalex.org/W2561456314","https://openalex.org/W2249096836","https://openalex.org/W2152958724","https://openalex.org/W1587263836","https://openalex.org/W1992008660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,5,9,47,51,61,80,105],"process":[2],"of":[3,8,50,82],"identifying":[4],"modulation":[6,13,44,48],"format":[7,49],"received":[10],"signal,":[11],"automatic":[12],"classification":[14],"(AMC)":[15],"has":[16],"various":[17],"applications":[18],"in":[19,89],"spectrum":[20],"monitoring":[21],"and":[22,46,84],"signal":[23,53],"interception.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26],"paper,":[27],"we":[28,78],"propose":[29],"a":[30,36,66,90],"dictionary":[31,37,67,74],"learning-based":[32],"AMC":[33,99],"framework,":[34],"where":[35],"is":[38,54],"trained":[39],"using":[40],"signals":[41],"with":[42,108],"known":[43],"formats":[45],"target":[52],"determined":[55],"by":[56],"its":[57,86],"sparse":[58],"representation":[59],"on":[60],"dictionary.":[62],"We":[63],"also":[64],"design":[65],"learning":[68,75],"algorithm":[69],"called":[70],"block":[71],"coordinate":[72],"descent":[73],"(BCDL).":[76],"Furthermore,":[77],"prove":[79],"convergence":[81,87],"BCDL":[83],"quantify":[85],"speed":[88],"closed":[91],"form.":[92],"Simulation":[93],"results":[94],"show":[95],"that":[96],"our":[97],"proposed":[98],"scheme":[100],"offers":[101],"superior":[102],"performance":[103],"than":[104],"existing":[106],"methods":[107],"low":[109],"complexity.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}