{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2784210264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2792419","title":"A Comparative Survey of Optical Wireless Technologies: Architectures and Applications","display_name":"A Comparative Survey of Optical Wireless Technologies: Architectures and Applications","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2784210264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2792419","mag":"2784210264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2792419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2792419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2792419","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065630945","display_name":"Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1487-086X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1487-086X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042237763","display_name":"Md. Tanvir Hossan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7171-6602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Tanvir Hossan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7171-6602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006895327","display_name":"Amirul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0014-7267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amirul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0014-7267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022518982","display_name":"Yeong Min Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-303X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110273157","display_name":"Kookmin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0049erg63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeong Min Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-303X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110273157"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":31.5606,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":552,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99852826,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"9819","last_page":"9840"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.7927758693695068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.7243082523345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6823951601982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6382806301116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless-communications","display_name":"Optical wireless communications","score":0.6039749383926392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5695064067840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5585790872573853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.4949633479118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.45606884360313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.42709800601005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.4161078631877899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.39358803629875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2698087692260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20710009336471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19001656770706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15637707710266113}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.7927758693695068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.7243082523345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6823951601982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6382806301116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107021485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18385577","display_name":"Optical wireless communications","level":4,"score":0.6039749383926392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5695064067840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5585790872573853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.4949633479118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.45606884360313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.42709800601005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.4161078631877899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.39358803629875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2698087692260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20710009336471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19001656770706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15637707710266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2792419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2792419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1810.02594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.02594","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.02594","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f100be644f884660b95fb6865d6c4ea1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f100be644f884660b95fb6865d6c4ea1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 9819-9840 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2792419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2792419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":151,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W155231534","https://openalex.org/W174954854","https://openalex.org/W571270299","https://openalex.org/W1472267176","https://openalex.org/W1499836712","https://openalex.org/W1504081580","https://openalex.org/W1533535757","https://openalex.org/W1537930064","https://openalex.org/W1547926016","https://openalex.org/W1578037634","https://openalex.org/W1598469305","https://openalex.org/W1673604024","https://openalex.org/W1860498259","https://openalex.org/W1964615133","https://openalex.org/W1965432738","https://openalex.org/W1969564620","https://openalex.org/W1981127064","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W1983848515","https://openalex.org/W1984649364","https://openalex.org/W1998489325","https://openalex.org/W2005764145","https://openalex.org/W2011516899","https://openalex.org/W2013201580","https://openalex.org/W2016068189","https://openalex.org/W2017036591","https://openalex.org/W2018130100","https://openalex.org/W2020095393","https://openalex.org/W2020526719","https://openalex.org/W2022771759","https://openalex.org/W2023648964","https://openalex.org/W2032329439","https://openalex.org/W2038901247","https://openalex.org/W2039183034","https://openalex.org/W2040876394","https://openalex.org/W2042706896","https://openalex.org/W2050601294","https://openalex.org/W2050951759","https://openalex.org/W2052654223","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2055952492","https://openalex.org/W2060358508","https://openalex.org/W2064429425","https://openalex.org/W2065618439","https://openalex.org/W2067566916","https://openalex.org/W2069556596","https://openalex.org/W2073267063","https://openalex.org/W2075278229","https://openalex.org/W2079170079","https://openalex.org/W2081043154","https://openalex.org/W2090935054","https://openalex.org/W2092522008","https://openalex.org/W2095015329","https://openalex.org/W2095908604","https://openalex.org/W2096776475","https://openalex.org/W2097920130","https://openalex.org/W2099104148","https://openalex.org/W2100303002","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2101286310","https://openalex.org/W2104856264","https://openalex.org/W2105935781","https://openalex.org/W2109430601","https://openalex.org/W2109603334","https://openalex.org/W2111655361","https://openalex.org/W2111854329","https://openalex.org/W2115356853","https://openalex.org/W2116514853","https://openalex.org/W2116987411","https://openalex.org/W2119148495","https://openalex.org/W2119844512","https://openalex.org/W2121459120","https://openalex.org/W2122273579","https://openalex.org/W2125446515","https://openalex.org/W2126753164","https://openalex.org/W2134245553","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2134763065","https://openalex.org/W2137755236","https://openalex.org/W2138833357","https://openalex.org/W2141636345","https://openalex.org/W2143544124","https://openalex.org/W2144644352","https://openalex.org/W2148693875","https://openalex.org/W2148952356","https://openalex.org/W2159917432","https://openalex.org/W2161530736","https://openalex.org/W2163451018","https://openalex.org/W2166252931","https://openalex.org/W2167590781","https://openalex.org/W2170260879","https://openalex.org/W2204742304","https://openalex.org/W2213478599","https://openalex.org/W2272996903","https://openalex.org/W2273675851","https://openalex.org/W2283013261","https://openalex.org/W2294612870","https://openalex.org/W2312577242","https://openalex.org/W2313503906","https://openalex.org/W2313668006","https://openalex.org/W2316261506","https://openalex.org/W2324795199","https://openalex.org/W2339545726","https://openalex.org/W2381074797","https://openalex.org/W2460802106","https://openalex.org/W2471301269","https://openalex.org/W2480568761","https://openalex.org/W2485576679","https://openalex.org/W2504729603","https://openalex.org/W2507228165","https://openalex.org/W2507605842","https://openalex.org/W2511038469","https://openalex.org/W2517526892","https://openalex.org/W2527965265","https://openalex.org/W2528867766","https://openalex.org/W2532716006","https://openalex.org/W2560573232","https://openalex.org/W2565443845","https://openalex.org/W2571383942","https://openalex.org/W2576247626","https://openalex.org/W2582562039","https://openalex.org/W2583571212","https://openalex.org/W2586459757","https://openalex.org/W2587227857","https://openalex.org/W2587948979","https://openalex.org/W2590440401","https://openalex.org/W2592866080","https://openalex.org/W2598310917","https://openalex.org/W2601192781","https://openalex.org/W2603154633","https://openalex.org/W2605334504","https://openalex.org/W2605344455","https://openalex.org/W2607000399","https://openalex.org/W2619775665","https://openalex.org/W2762106289","https://openalex.org/W2769360845","https://openalex.org/W2950504650","https://openalex.org/W3014404434","https://openalex.org/W3101196812","https://openalex.org/W3105271665","https://openalex.org/W3143408510","https://openalex.org/W4235364725","https://openalex.org/W4247687131","https://openalex.org/W4256718294","https://openalex.org/W6674091338","https://openalex.org/W6675151556","https://openalex.org/W6676685727","https://openalex.org/W6683455875","https://openalex.org/W6683665567","https://openalex.org/W6687364857","https://openalex.org/W6763766740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039798909","https://openalex.org/W2592894164","https://openalex.org/W3009734089","https://openalex.org/W4319082625","https://openalex.org/W2371443163","https://openalex.org/W3081944688","https://openalex.org/W2547204041","https://openalex.org/W4211247333","https://openalex.org/W4393309853","https://openalex.org/W2058844972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"New":[0],"high-data-rate":[1],"multimedia":[2],"services":[3,102],"and":[4,9,20,77,108,126,147,150,160,172,191,195],"applications":[5,85],"are":[6],"evolving":[7],"continuously":[8],"exponentially":[10],"increasing":[11],"the":[12,33,60,72,154,183],"demand":[13],"for":[14,75,157],"wireless":[15,41,131,189],"capacity":[16],"of":[17,35,49,177],"fifth-generation":[18],"(5G)":[19],"beyond.":[21],"The":[22,174],"existing":[23,199],"radio":[24],"frequency":[25],"(RF)":[26],"communication":[27,42,109],"spectrum":[28,62,169],"is":[29,180],"insufficient":[30],"to":[31,58,115,181],"meet":[32],"demands":[34],"future":[36],"high-datarate":[37],"5G":[38],"services.":[39],"Optical":[40],"(OWC),":[43],"which":[44],"uses":[45],"an":[46],"ultra-wide":[47],"range":[48,111],"unregulated":[50],"spectrum,":[51],"has":[52,65,94],"emerged":[53],"as":[54,104,106,134,167],"a":[55,123,127],"promising":[56,187],"solution":[57],"overcome":[59],"RF":[61,87,200],"crisis.":[63],"It":[64,100],"attracted":[66],"growing":[67],"research":[68],"interest":[69],"worldwide":[70],"in":[71,164],"last":[73],"decade":[74],"indoor":[76],"outdoor":[78],"applications.":[79,173],"OWC":[80,159],"offloads":[81],"huge":[82],"data":[83,92],"traffic":[84],"from":[86,112],"networks.":[88],"A":[89],"100":[90],"Gb/s":[91],"rate":[93],"already":[95],"been":[96],"demonstrated":[97],"through":[98],"OWC.":[99],"offers":[101],"indoors":[103],"well":[105],"outdoors,":[107],"distances":[110],"several":[113],"nm":[114],"more":[116],"than":[117],"10000":[118],"km.":[119],"This":[120],"paper":[121,179],"provides":[122],"technology":[124],"overview":[125],"review":[128],"on":[129],"optical":[130,140,145,188],"technologies,":[132],"such":[133,166],"visible":[135],"light":[136,138,148],"communication,":[137,142,146],"fidelity,":[139],"camera":[141],"free":[143],"space":[144],"detection":[149],"ranging.":[151],"We":[152],"survey":[153],"key":[155,175],"technologies":[156,190,194],"understanding":[158],"present":[161],"state-of-the-art":[162],"criteria":[163],"aspects,":[165],"classification,":[168],"use,":[170],"architecture,":[171],"contribution":[176],"this":[178],"clarify":[182],"differences":[184],"among":[185],"different":[186],"between":[192],"these":[193],"their":[196],"corresponding":[197],"similar":[198],"technologies.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2018-01-26T00:00:00"}