{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2782700075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2790478","title":"Spread-Spectrum Techniques for Bio-Friendly Underwater Acoustic Communications","display_name":"Spread-Spectrum Techniques for Bio-Friendly Underwater Acoustic Communications","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2782700075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2790478","mag":"2782700075"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2790478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2790478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2790478","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056417721","display_name":"Benjamin Sherlock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3358-8659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Sherlock","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3358-8659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073279805","display_name":"Jeffrey Neasham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6059-9826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey A. Neasham","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028260246","display_name":"Charalampos C. Tsimenidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-3397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charalampos C. Tsimenidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1782,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1921},"fwci":3.6624,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9182928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"4506","last_page":"4520"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6581118106842041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6382940411567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.627217173576355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.6261895895004272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.6000998020172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.5204251408576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.5178004503250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5005538463592529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.48673582077026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.48005637526512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.4395255744457245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.426065057516098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustics","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","score":0.4148826599121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39274731278419495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3838846683502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3328057527542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14736899733543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14717543125152588}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6581118106842041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6382940411567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.627217173576355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.6261895895004272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6000998020172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.5204251408576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.5178004503250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5005538463592529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.48673582077026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.48005637526512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4395255744457245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.426065057516098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.4148826599121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39274731278419495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3838846683502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3328057527542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14736899733543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14717543125152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2790478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2790478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1a962dd413e8491d83959e1c0957e34a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1a962dd413e8491d83959e1c0957e34a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 4506-4520 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprint.ncl.ac.uk:245401","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402485","display_name":"Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","host_organization_name":"Newcastle University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2018.2790478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2790478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G214181472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R002665/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6212510350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P017975/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320295","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1420724309","https://openalex.org/W1505761511","https://openalex.org/W1536598668","https://openalex.org/W1541916514","https://openalex.org/W1991781763","https://openalex.org/W2003816095","https://openalex.org/W2004207174","https://openalex.org/W2037669042","https://openalex.org/W2044598580","https://openalex.org/W2054722593","https://openalex.org/W2058219874","https://openalex.org/W2079408315","https://openalex.org/W2087586316","https://openalex.org/W2093213005","https://openalex.org/W2095014751","https://openalex.org/W2101137438","https://openalex.org/W2101939691","https://openalex.org/W2105781715","https://openalex.org/W2112906831","https://openalex.org/W2130885623","https://openalex.org/W2142371149","https://openalex.org/W2145503983","https://openalex.org/W2148225991","https://openalex.org/W2151351396","https://openalex.org/W2157435938","https://openalex.org/W2514403414","https://openalex.org/W2523411916","https://openalex.org/W2763832522","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W4238354622","https://openalex.org/W4243205024","https://openalex.org/W4299945311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092197247","https://openalex.org/W1989468614","https://openalex.org/W4233368552","https://openalex.org/W2393607522","https://openalex.org/W2944691323","https://openalex.org/W2147265311","https://openalex.org/W2292311126","https://openalex.org/W2389431337","https://openalex.org/W1968503891","https://openalex.org/W4362661796"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,61,201],"paper":[1,202],"investigates":[2],"techniques":[3],"to":[4,25,93,96,114,144,199,207],"mitigate":[5],"the":[6,47,77,109,136],"impact":[7],"of":[8,49,58,64,79,150,178],"acoustic":[9,210],"communication":[10,191],"signals":[11],"on":[12,46],"marine":[13,83],"life,":[14],"by":[15,55,82,164],"minimizing":[16],"source":[17],"level":[18],"and":[19,102,121,159,181,197],"designing":[20],"waveforms":[21],"with":[22,38,88,103,147,160,184,217],"characteristics":[23],"proven":[24],"reduce":[26],"animal":[27],"discomfort":[28,80,198],"in":[29,135,176,215],"bioacoustics":[30],"studies.":[31],"High-ratio":[32],"spread":[33],"spectrum":[34],"transmission":[35],"is":[36,44,112],"employed":[37],"bandwidth-time":[39],"products":[40],"exceeding":[41,167],"1000.":[42],"Signaling":[43],"based":[45],"families":[48],"near":[50],"orthogonal":[51],"pseudonoise":[52],"waveforms,":[53],"generated":[54],"bandpass":[56],"filtering":[57],"binary":[59],"M-sequences.":[60],"enables":[62],"reception":[63],"data,":[65],"at":[66,98,118,124,156,189],"very":[67,99],"low":[68,100],"SNR,":[69],"over":[70,141],"a":[71,204],"radius":[72,78],"many":[73],"times":[74],"greater":[75],"than":[76],"experienced":[81],"mammals.":[84],"Computationally":[85],"efficient":[86],"receivers":[87],"novel":[89],"synchronization":[90],"structures":[91],"needed":[92],"be":[94],"developed":[95,173],"operate":[97],"SNR":[101,120,179],"severe":[104],"Doppler":[105,161],"effects.":[106],"Simulations":[107],"show":[108],"proposed":[110],"scheme":[111],"able":[113],"achieve":[115],"45":[116],"bit/s":[117,123],"-18-dB":[119],"140":[122],"-12-dB":[125],"SNR.":[126],"Experimental":[127],"system":[128,172],"performance":[129,140,180],"was":[130],"assessed":[131],"during":[132],"realistic":[133],"experiments":[134],"North":[137],"Sea,":[138],"verifying":[139],"ranges":[142],"up":[143],"10":[145],"km":[146],"transmitted":[148],"SL":[149],"<;170":[151],"dB":[152],"re":[153],"1":[154,157],"\u03bcPa":[155],"m":[158],"effects":[162],"induced":[163],"relative":[165],"motion":[166],"2":[168],"m/s.":[169],"Conclusion:":[170],"The":[171],"compares":[174],"favorably,":[175],"terms":[177],"channel":[182],"utilization,":[183],"previously":[185],"reported":[186],"work":[187],"aimed":[188],"covert":[190],"but":[192],"offers":[193,203],"reduced":[194],"transmitter/receiver":[195],"complexity":[196],"animals.":[200],"way":[205],"forward":[206],"more":[208],"biofriendly":[209],"modem":[211],"devices":[212],"for":[213],"operation":[214],"regions":[216],"sensitive":[218],"fauna":[219],"and/or":[220],"increasingly":[221],"strict":[222],"environmental":[223],"controls.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}