{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2776074343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2787719","title":"An Effective Two-Step Intrusion Detection Approach Based on Binary Classification and $k$ -NN","display_name":"An Effective Two-Step Intrusion Detection Approach Based on Binary Classification and $k$ -NN","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2776074343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2787719","mag":"2776074343"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2787719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2787719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2787719","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022314232","display_name":"Longjie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5866-617X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longjie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5866-617X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101504989","display_name":"Yang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3679-7555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031983171","display_name":"Shenshen Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenshen Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Vocational Technical College, Lanzhou, China","School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Vocational Technical College, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101043100","display_name":"Ying Hou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100702120","display_name":"Xiaoyun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1476-0951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":7.5729,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":125,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97597342,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"12060","last_page":"12073"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8021590113639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6471477746963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6328868269920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5884106755256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.5528693199157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5431219339370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.46971458196640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4540491998195648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4085578918457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3947039246559143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36523932218551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2690708637237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14635074138641357}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8021590113639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6471477746963501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6328868269920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5884106755256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.5528693199157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5431219339370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.46971458196640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4540491998195648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4085578918457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3947039246559143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36523932218551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2690708637237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14635074138641357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2787719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2787719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lzu.edu.cn/:262010/197396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lzu.edu.cn/handle/262010/197396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923049","display_name":"Lanzhou University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1453a012acb049098bca01f6ccf0ffd1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1453a012acb049098bca01f6ccf0ffd1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 12060-12073 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lzu.edu.cn/:262010/263220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lzu.edu.cn/handle/262010/263220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923049","display_name":"Lanzhou University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lzu.edu.cn/:262010/278177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lzu.edu.cn/handle/262010/278177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923049","display_name":"Lanzhou University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lzu.edu.cn/:262010/289300","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lzu.edu.cn/handle/262010/289300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923049","display_name":"Lanzhou University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lzu.edu.cn/:262010/402600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8240589/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923049","display_name":"Lanzhou University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal article (JA)"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2787719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2787719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2438107059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"lzujbky-2017-192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6458521341","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602225","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28825088","https://openalex.org/W433644524","https://openalex.org/W1196375415","https://openalex.org/W1504694836","https://openalex.org/W1555168845","https://openalex.org/W1567394263","https://openalex.org/W1594031697","https://openalex.org/W1966809779","https://openalex.org/W1977366836","https://openalex.org/W1983291981","https://openalex.org/W1986668511","https://openalex.org/W1989352541","https://openalex.org/W1991830413","https://openalex.org/W1995064042","https://openalex.org/W2014952121","https://openalex.org/W2017380649","https://openalex.org/W2022282473","https://openalex.org/W2036695131","https://openalex.org/W2038626915","https://openalex.org/W2047822984","https://openalex.org/W2049559208","https://openalex.org/W2060392206","https://openalex.org/W2066832805","https://openalex.org/W2076384720","https://openalex.org/W2086540457","https://openalex.org/W2086765545","https://openalex.org/W2097034581","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2101109743","https://openalex.org/W2104593144","https://openalex.org/W2122473047","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2127775588","https://openalex.org/W2130802299","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2138710658","https://openalex.org/W2141254179","https://openalex.org/W2142720090","https://openalex.org/W2142827986","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2191006491","https://openalex.org/W2212753854","https://openalex.org/W2292153043","https://openalex.org/W2294550104","https://openalex.org/W2330820318","https://openalex.org/W2340896621","https://openalex.org/W2341871820","https://openalex.org/W2342408547","https://openalex.org/W2346714907","https://openalex.org/W2432038293","https://openalex.org/W2435778079","https://openalex.org/W2512496029","https://openalex.org/W2527999453","https://openalex.org/W2552899443","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4243097034","https://openalex.org/W4248916828","https://openalex.org/W6697251909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378749186","https://openalex.org/W2364088131","https://openalex.org/W2362741838","https://openalex.org/W622044715","https://openalex.org/W2378994067","https://openalex.org/W1598708558","https://openalex.org/W2347979151","https://openalex.org/W2366397149","https://openalex.org/W2350213425","https://openalex.org/W4401552848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intrusion":[0],"detection":[1,16],"has":[2],"been":[3],"an":[4],"important":[5],"countermeasure":[6],"to":[7,48,68,71,95,140],"secure":[8],"computing":[9],"infrastructures":[10],"from":[11],"malicious":[12],"attacks.":[13],"To":[14],"improve":[15],"performance":[17],"and":[18,35,44,90,148],"reduce":[19],"bias":[20],"towards":[21],"frequent":[22],"attacks,":[23,150],"this":[24],"paper":[25],"proposes":[26],"a":[27,92],"two-step":[28],"hybrid":[29,169],"method":[30,105,119,135,156,180],"based":[31,83],"on":[32,84,109],"binary":[33,42],"classification":[34],"k-NN":[36,78],"technique.":[37],"Step":[38,80],"1":[39,89],"employs":[40],"several":[41],"classifiers":[43],"one":[45],"aggregation":[46],"module":[47],"effectively":[49],"detect":[50],"the":[51,60,77,85,100,103,110,117,133,151,154,178],"exact":[52],"classes":[53,63,75],"of":[54,87,116,153,162],"network":[55],"connections.":[56],"After":[57],"step":[58,69,88,96],"1,":[59],"connections":[61],"whose":[62],"are":[64,66,157,171],"uncertain":[65],"sent":[67],"2":[70,81],"further":[72],"determine":[73],"their":[74],"by":[76],"algorithm.":[79],"is":[82,120,181],"outcomes":[86],"yields":[91],"beneficial":[93],"supplement":[94],"1.":[97],"By":[98],"combining":[99],"two":[101],"steps,":[102],"proposed":[104,118,134,155,179],"achieves":[106],"reliable":[107],"results":[108,130,175],"NSL-KDD":[111],"data":[112],"set.":[113],"The":[114,174],"effectiveness":[115],"evaluated":[121],"in":[122],"comparison":[123],"with":[124,138,166],"five":[125],"supervised":[126],"learning":[127],"techniques.":[128],"Experimental":[129],"demonstrate":[131],"that":[132,177],"outperforms":[136],"baselines":[137],"respect":[139],"various":[141],"evaluation":[142],"criteria.":[143],"In":[144],"particular,":[145],"for":[146],"U2R":[147],"R2L":[149],"F1-scores":[152],"much":[158],"higher":[159],"than":[160],"those":[161],"baselines.":[163],"Furthermore,":[164],"comparisons":[165],"some":[167],"recent":[168],"approaches":[170],"also":[172],"listed.":[173],"illustrate":[176],"competitive.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2018-01-05T00:00:00"}