{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2780351414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2786283","title":"A Coordinated Frequency Regulation Framework Based on Hybrid Battery-Ultracapacitor Energy Storage Technologies","display_name":"A Coordinated Frequency Regulation Framework Based on Hybrid Battery-Ultracapacitor Energy Storage Technologies","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2780351414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2786283","mag":"2780351414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2786283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2786283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2786283","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039539786","display_name":"Umer Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2757-1287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umer Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2757-1287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046390178","display_name":"Muhammad Khalid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7779-5348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":6.5303,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97062092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"7310","last_page":"7320"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10179","display_name":"Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.5865894556045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5719568729400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.5617226958274841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.5470236539840698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stand-alone-power-system","display_name":"Stand-alone power system","score":0.49962854385375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49236834049224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.48202836513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.4643939137458801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.4531044661998749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercapacitor","display_name":"Supercapacitor","score":0.4439627230167389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.43717363476753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4134121537208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3977583944797516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3968193829059601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.3916760981082916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.35190680623054504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.2787613868713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2700658440589905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.12549036741256714}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.5865894556045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5719568729400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.5617226958274841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.5470236539840698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104708988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1664450","display_name":"Stand-alone power system","level":4,"score":0.49962854385375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49236834049224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.48202836513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.4643939137458801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4531044661998749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6585489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754523","display_name":"Supercapacitor","level":4,"score":0.4439627230167389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.43717363476753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4134121537208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3977583944797516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3968193829059601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.3916760981082916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.35190680623054504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.2787613868713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2700658440589905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.12549036741256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2786283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2786283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77cdfb04de594b36ab512d23343e06d0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77cdfb04de594b36ab512d23343e06d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 7310-7320 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.library.uq.edu.au:UQ:680f018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402388","display_name":"Queensland's institutional digital repository (The University of Queensland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","host_organization_name":"The University of Queensland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2786283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2786283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2862066651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IN161038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","funder_display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7759023747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SR161038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","funder_display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320965","display_name":"University of New South Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1608929012","https://openalex.org/W1627978401","https://openalex.org/W1763243278","https://openalex.org/W1932735532","https://openalex.org/W1949318025","https://openalex.org/W1976837259","https://openalex.org/W2000444844","https://openalex.org/W2002820907","https://openalex.org/W2011996456","https://openalex.org/W2014131339","https://openalex.org/W2024783795","https://openalex.org/W2027270344","https://openalex.org/W2056686206","https://openalex.org/W2061771380","https://openalex.org/W2063866856","https://openalex.org/W2069265792","https://openalex.org/W2095390899","https://openalex.org/W2104941294","https://openalex.org/W2114947951","https://openalex.org/W2132462993","https://openalex.org/W2132755931","https://openalex.org/W2143991678","https://openalex.org/W2145393694","https://openalex.org/W2149519601","https://openalex.org/W2153292828","https://openalex.org/W2153909224","https://openalex.org/W2155944487","https://openalex.org/W2169440380","https://openalex.org/W2260199697","https://openalex.org/W2292608177","https://openalex.org/W2326629422","https://openalex.org/W2329378869","https://openalex.org/W2338034668","https://openalex.org/W2338338790","https://openalex.org/W2343332586","https://openalex.org/W2344471561","https://openalex.org/W2346665839","https://openalex.org/W2464668587","https://openalex.org/W2519259597","https://openalex.org/W2523316526","https://openalex.org/W2548946612","https://openalex.org/W2549951363","https://openalex.org/W2552781300","https://openalex.org/W2586346397","https://openalex.org/W2592744256","https://openalex.org/W2597612291","https://openalex.org/W2737884777","https://openalex.org/W2762126907","https://openalex.org/W2765733327","https://openalex.org/W4237178612","https://openalex.org/W6703805625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214666829","https://openalex.org/W3133930036","https://openalex.org/W3106248067","https://openalex.org/W2384093239","https://openalex.org/W2891382877","https://openalex.org/W3103756238","https://openalex.org/W4387577058","https://openalex.org/W2164950787","https://openalex.org/W2791816924","https://openalex.org/W3138370843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,96,142,173,199,222],"replacement":[1,154],"of":[2,48,217,226],"conventional":[3],"electricity":[4,140],"generators":[5],"by":[6,52,81,162,211],"wind":[7],"turbines":[8],"and":[9,35,61,102,119,128,158,183,224,260],"solar":[10],"photovoltaic":[11],"panels":[12],"results":[13],"in":[14,44,75,86,108,139],"reduced":[15,210],"system":[16,23,83,126,134,144,175],"inertia,":[17],"which":[18,204,268],"jeopardizes":[19],"the":[20,46,54,73,90,93,150,170,196,235,238,271],"electric":[21,49,58,70],"power":[22,50,59,71,179,189],"frequency.":[24],"Frequency":[25,37],"variation":[26],"is":[27,147,266,273],"critical":[28],"as":[29],"it":[30],"may":[31],"cause":[32],"equipment":[33],"damage":[34],"blackouts.":[36],"regulation":[38,78,97],"(FR)":[39],"plays":[40],"a":[41,243],"crucial":[42],"role":[43],"sustaining":[45],"stability":[47],"grids":[51],"minimizing":[53],"instantaneous":[55],"mismatches":[56],"between":[57,237,250],"generation":[60],"load":[62],"demand.":[63],"Regulation":[64],"service":[65],"(RS)":[66],"providers":[67],"dynamically":[68],"inject/absorb":[69],"to/from":[72],"grid,":[74],"response":[76],"to":[77,88,110,180,233],"signals":[79,98],"provided":[80],"independent":[82],"operators":[84],"(ISOs),":[85],"order":[87,109],"keep":[89],"frequency":[91],"within":[92],"permissible":[94],"limits.":[95],"are":[99,205,209,230],"highly":[100],"transient":[101],"hence":[103],"require":[104],"quick":[105],"responding":[106],"resources":[107],"provide":[111],"FR":[112,138,259],"effectively.":[113],"This":[114],"paper":[115],"proposes":[116],"innovative":[117],"design":[118,145],"operation":[120,176],"frameworks":[121],"for":[122,137,167,207,258,264],"state-of-the-art":[123],"battery-energy":[124],"storage":[125,133],"(BESS)":[127],"ultracapacitor":[129],"(UC)-based":[130],"hybrid":[131],"energy":[132],"(HESS)":[135],"employed":[136,257,263],"market.":[141],"proposed":[143,174],"framework":[146,177],"based":[148,185,245],"upon":[149,186,246],"initial":[151],"investment":[152],"cost,":[153,155,157],"maintenance":[156],"financial":[159],"penalty":[160],"imposed":[161],"ISO":[163],"on":[164],"RS":[165],"provider":[166],"not":[168],"supplying":[169],"required":[171],"RS.":[172],"allocates":[178],"both":[181],"BESS":[182,262],"UC":[184],"their":[187,193],"maximum":[188],"ratings":[190],"while":[191],"fulfilling":[192],"constraints":[194],"at":[195],"same":[197],"time.":[198],"frequent":[200],"partial":[201,239],"charge-discharge":[202,240],"transitions,":[203],"detrimental":[206],"BESS,":[208],"using":[212],"two":[213,227,251],"battery":[214,220,228],"banks":[215,229],"instead":[216],"one":[218],"large":[219],"bank.":[221],"charging":[223],"discharging":[225],"controlled":[231],"innovatively":[232],"reduce":[234],"transitions":[236],"transitions.":[241],"Moreover,":[242],"comparison":[244],"cost":[247],"per":[248],"unit":[249],"cases,":[252],"that":[253,270],"is:":[254],"1)":[255],"HESS":[256,272],"2)":[261],"FR,":[265],"presented,":[267],"shows":[269],"more":[274],"economical.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}