{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2756684097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2754414","title":"Improve the Security of GNSS Receivers Through Spoofing Mitigation","display_name":"Improve the Security of GNSS Receivers Through Spoofing Mitigation","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2756684097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2754414","mag":"2756684097"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2754414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2754414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2754414","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026973164","display_name":"Shuai Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-3476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100278","display_name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0188rvx33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-3476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101954104","display_name":"Lei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7705-4942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101940082","display_name":"Weixiao Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8938-2866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100278","display_name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0188rvx33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixiao Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8938-2866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100354297","display_name":"Cheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-2414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":74.2941,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99708735,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"21057","last_page":"21069"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12024","display_name":"Ultra-Wideband Communications Technology","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9541494846343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9491245150566101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7837725877761841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.552038848400116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.5265814661979675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.4823440909385681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.4426485002040863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.4325249493122101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3938416540622711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.35401663184165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2647055387496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24045711755752563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17612776160240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1458722949028015}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9541494846343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9491245150566101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7837725877761841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.552038848400116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.5265814661979675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.4823440909385681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.4426485002040863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4325249493122101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3938416540622711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.35401663184165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2647055387496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24045711755752563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17612776160240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1458722949028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2754414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2754414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4144b0fe9eb54a12bf5e79ac6c359966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4144b0fe9eb54a12bf5e79ac6c359966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 5, Pp 21057-21069 (2017)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2754414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2754414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7537225217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#91438205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W157642030","https://openalex.org/W214849595","https://openalex.org/W1557560302","https://openalex.org/W1684424876","https://openalex.org/W1877570691","https://openalex.org/W1943499898","https://openalex.org/W1980494386","https://openalex.org/W1982326137","https://openalex.org/W1992795079","https://openalex.org/W2005801175","https://openalex.org/W2007439267","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W2086275398","https://openalex.org/W2107820823","https://openalex.org/W2123775785","https://openalex.org/W2140699428","https://openalex.org/W2165207694","https://openalex.org/W2168621034","https://openalex.org/W2184623332","https://openalex.org/W2220234000","https://openalex.org/W2317038414","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2340150721","https://openalex.org/W2523167936","https://openalex.org/W2595398846","https://openalex.org/W2595786907","https://openalex.org/W2600069429","https://openalex.org/W2608238159","https://openalex.org/W6608649997","https://openalex.org/W6637210400","https://openalex.org/W6680759293","https://openalex.org/W6686322440","https://openalex.org/W6689089087","https://openalex.org/W6699117719","https://openalex.org/W6703666451","https://openalex.org/W6734408081","https://openalex.org/W6734772153","https://openalex.org/W6735544702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2346214124","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W4319430861","https://openalex.org/W2963884254","https://openalex.org/W744943591","https://openalex.org/W4392115504","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W4250690488","https://openalex.org/W2028990501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spoofing":[0],"attacks":[1],"are":[2,65,99],"one":[3],"of":[4,12,45,48,89,96,139],"the":[5,10,13,46,81,85,90,106,131,137,140],"most":[6],"dangerous":[7],"threats":[8],"for":[9,20,135],"application":[11],"global":[14],"navigation":[15],"satellite":[16],"system":[17],"(GNSS),":[18],"especially":[19],"autonomous":[21],"driving":[22],"and":[23,50,112,120],"unmanned":[24],"aerial":[25],"vehicles.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"paper,":[29],"we":[30],"present":[31],"a":[32,60,101,113],"more":[33],"robust":[34],"spoofing":[35,61,68,74,91],"mitigation":[36],"algorithm":[37,127],"based":[38],"on":[39],"subspace":[40],"projection":[41,122],"that":[42,51,72,104],"is":[43,128],"independent":[44],"number":[47],"antennas":[49],"can":[52,76],"be":[53,77],"utilized":[54],"in":[55],"single-antenna":[56],"GNSS":[57],"receivers.":[58],"During":[59],"attack,":[62],"authentic":[63],"signals":[64,75,134],"contaminated":[66],"by":[67,79,130],"signals.":[69,92],"We":[70],"demonstrate":[71],"all":[73],"eliminated":[78],"projecting":[80],"received":[82],"signal":[83],"onto":[84],"orthogonal":[86],"null":[87],"space":[88],"Moreover,":[93],"two":[94],"types":[95],"receiver":[97],"structures":[98],"designed:":[100],"centralized":[102],"structure":[103,115],"has":[105],"ability":[107],"to":[108],"suppress":[109],"cross-correlation":[110],"interference":[111],"distributed":[114],"with":[116],"lower":[117,121],"computational":[118],"complexity":[119],"power":[123],"losses.":[124],"The":[125],"proposed":[126],"verified":[129],"Beidou":[132],"B1I":[133],"improving":[136],"security":[138],"receiver.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}