{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2620037690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2706193","title":"Direction of Arrival Estimation in Low-Grazing Angle: A Partial Spatial-Differencing Approach","display_name":"Direction of Arrival Estimation in Low-Grazing Angle: A Partial Spatial-Differencing Approach","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2620037690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2706193","mag":"2620037690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2706193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2706193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2706193","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063149968","display_name":"Junpeng Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9910-0663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junpeng Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9910-0663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101922053","display_name":"Guoping Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-6201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104252","display_name":"Air Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00seraz22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoping Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air and Missile Defense College, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447052","display_name":"Xiaofei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-1987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0961,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7820866,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"9973","last_page":"9980"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.8369932770729065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.6988736391067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5959305763244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.5830312967300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5656167268753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5494151711463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.49681857228279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-mean-and-sample-covariance","display_name":"Sample mean and sample covariance","score":0.48756831884384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.44106048345565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-of-covariance-matrices","display_name":"Estimation of covariance matrices","score":0.4112117886543274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.354530394077301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.26289284229278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.237164705991745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11135846376419067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10733410716056824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.8369932770729065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.6988736391067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5959305763244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.5830312967300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5656167268753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5494151711463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.49681857228279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181243257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1693522","display_name":"Sample mean and sample covariance","level":3,"score":0.48756831884384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.44106048345565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180877172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5401390","display_name":"Estimation of covariance matrices","level":3,"score":0.4112117886543274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.354530394077301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.26289284229278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.237164705991745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11135846376419067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10733410716056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2706193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2706193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0a012cbfc2ac4c0d985a76cc14a02ebf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0a012cbfc2ac4c0d985a76cc14a02ebf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 5, Pp 9973-9980 (2017)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2706193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2706193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5472973253","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61601504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6337542618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016JQ6020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494426281","https://openalex.org/W1662215895","https://openalex.org/W1964521756","https://openalex.org/W1986363767","https://openalex.org/W1989961611","https://openalex.org/W1992867392","https://openalex.org/W1994477821","https://openalex.org/W2014788285","https://openalex.org/W2037144766","https://openalex.org/W2067001855","https://openalex.org/W2079269116","https://openalex.org/W2092864563","https://openalex.org/W2096710051","https://openalex.org/W2098174516","https://openalex.org/W2105983337","https://openalex.org/W2106691239","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2115309662","https://openalex.org/W2125883072","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2149551443","https://openalex.org/W2319314457","https://openalex.org/W2340304948","https://openalex.org/W2474469057","https://openalex.org/W2549794316","https://openalex.org/W2559897227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2547004481","https://openalex.org/W3208495656","https://openalex.org/W3195588398","https://openalex.org/W2057070315","https://openalex.org/W2066322168","https://openalex.org/W2164924639","https://openalex.org/W2108154569","https://openalex.org/W2020541544","https://openalex.org/W2069285483","https://openalex.org/W2011956837"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"a":[3,15,64,111],"partial":[4],"spatial-differencing":[5,75],"(PSD)":[6],"approach":[7,79],"for":[8,47],"the":[9,22,33,43,48,54,69,77,83,87,94,118],"direction":[10],"of":[11,51,86,96],"arrival":[12],"estimation":[13,113],"in":[14],"low-grazing":[16],"angle":[17],"(LGA)":[18],"condition.":[19],"By":[20],"dividing":[21],"sample":[23,88],"covariance":[24,37,89],"matrix":[25,46,90],"into":[26],"several":[27],"column":[28],"subvectors,":[29],"we":[30,62],"first":[31],"form":[32],"corresponding":[34],"reconstructed":[35],"subarray":[36],"matrices":[38],"(RSCMs).":[39],"We":[40],"then":[41],"calculate":[42],"spatial":[44,71],"differencing":[45],"noise":[49,101],"parts":[50,56],"RSCMs,":[52],"while":[53],"non-noise":[55],"are":[57],"kept":[58],"completely.":[59],"That":[60],"is,":[61],"build":[63],"PSD":[65,78],"matrix.":[66],"Compared":[67],"with":[68],"existing":[70],"smoothing":[72],"and":[73,91,115],"full":[74],"methods,":[76],"can":[80],"use":[81],"all":[82],"data":[84],"information":[85],"also":[92],"suppress":[93],"effect":[95],"additive":[97],"white":[98],"or":[99],"colored":[100],"more":[102],"effectively.":[103],"Simulation":[104],"results":[105],"show":[106],"that":[107],"our":[108],"method":[109],"provides":[110],"higher":[112],"accuracy":[114],"resolution":[116],"than":[117],"state-of-the-art":[119],"methods.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
