{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2568222406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2705561","title":"The World\u2019s First Real-Time Testbed for Massive MIMO: Design, Implementation, and Validation","display_name":"The World\u2019s First Real-Time Testbed for Massive MIMO: Design, Implementation, and Validation","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2568222406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2705561","mag":"2568222406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2705561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2705561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2705561","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054053785","display_name":"Steffen Malkowsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2902-6071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steffen Malkowsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2902-6071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102776845","display_name":"Joao Vieira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-5683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao Vieira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322345","display_name":"Liang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9491-8821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108016534","display_name":"Paul Harris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4758-0685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Systems and Networks Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Systems and Networks Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029929720","display_name":"Karl Nieman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124763","display_name":"National Instruments (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026exqw73","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117810","https://openalex.org/I4210124763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl Nieman","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Instruments Corporation, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Instruments Corporation, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068616662","display_name":"Nikhil Kundargi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124763","display_name":"National Instruments (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026exqw73","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117810","https://openalex.org/I4210124763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikhil Kundargi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Instruments Corporation, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Instruments Corporation, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108207038","display_name":"Ian Wong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124763","display_name":"National Instruments (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/026exqw73","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117810","https://openalex.org/I4210124763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian C. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Instruments Corporation, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Instruments Corporation, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073439066","display_name":"Fredrik Tufvesson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1072-0784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fredrik Tufvesson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017806402","display_name":"Viktor \u00d6wall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3368-1207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viktor Owall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045195961","display_name":"Ove Edfors","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5966-8468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ove Edfors","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054053785"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":16.9522,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":220,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99421629,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"9073","last_page":"9088"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.8611457347869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7614951729774475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7527893781661987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5408703684806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5133146643638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.46295151114463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.45814722776412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4292571544647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.427821546792984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3984096646308899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.36465227603912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.341916561126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.18823349475860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11143001914024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.10508975386619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.08541780710220337}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.8611457347869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7614951729774475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7527893781661987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5408703684806824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5133146643638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.46295151114463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.45814722776412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4292571544647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.427821546792984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3984096646308899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.36465227603912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.341916561126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18823349475860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11143001914024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.10508975386619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.08541780710220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2705561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2705561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c72264dd8fbc421bbd72154a408a8193","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c72264dd8fbc421bbd72154a408a8193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 5, Pp 9073-9088 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:8980c4e5-294b-45fe-9ce3-00db727b3c2c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/8980c4e5-294b-45fe-9ce3-00db727b3c2c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2169-3536","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2705561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2705561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W2021699271","https://openalex.org/W2024705454","https://openalex.org/W2061134945","https://openalex.org/W2072599023","https://openalex.org/W2097174089","https://openalex.org/W2117787771","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2145013959","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2158057034","https://openalex.org/W2171342189","https://openalex.org/W2238937638","https://openalex.org/W2343491855","https://openalex.org/W2407430223","https://openalex.org/W2523358175","https://openalex.org/W2569221055","https://openalex.org/W2963726408","https://openalex.org/W3106282754"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W2064303750","https://openalex.org/W3048672182","https://openalex.org/W1509300825","https://openalex.org/W2258948885","https://openalex.org/W2001568286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"sets":[2],"up":[3,112,126],"a":[4,8,34,50,161,166],"framework":[5,79],"for":[6,71,107],"designing":[7],"massive":[9,109,156],"multiple-input":[10],"multiple-output":[11],"(MIMO)":[12],"testbed":[13],"by":[14],"investigating":[15],"hardware":[16],"(HW)":[17],"and":[18,27,37,46,68,118,169],"system-level":[19],"requirements,":[20],"such":[21,62],"as":[22,63],"processing":[23,38,47,76],"complexity,":[24],"duplexing":[25],"mode,":[26],"frame":[28],"structure.":[29],"Taking":[30],"these":[31],"into":[32],"account,":[33],"generic":[35],"system":[36,153],"partitioning":[39],"is":[40],"proposed,":[41],"which":[42,99],"allows":[43,80],"flexible":[44],"scaling":[45],"distribution":[48],"onto":[49],"multitude":[51,162],"of":[52,66,163],"physically":[53],"separated":[54],"devices.":[55],"Based":[56],"on":[57,133],"the":[58,78,93,101,134,174],"given":[59],"HW":[60,84,105],"constraints":[61],"maximum":[64,69],"number":[65],"links":[67],"throughput":[70],"peer-to-peer":[72],"interconnections":[73],"combined":[74],"with":[75,151],"capabilities,":[77],"to":[81,113,127],"evaluate":[82],"modular":[83],"components.":[85],"To":[86],"verify":[87],"our":[88],"design":[89],"approach,":[90],"we":[91],"present":[92],"Lund":[94],"University":[95],"Massive":[96],"MIMO":[97,157],"testbed,":[98],"constitutes":[100],"first":[102],"reconfigurable":[103],"real-time":[104],"platform":[106],"prototyping":[108],"MIMO.":[110],"Utilizing":[111],"100":[114],"base":[115],"station":[116],"antennas":[117],"more":[119],"than":[120],"50":[121],"field":[122],"programmable":[123],"gate":[124],"array,":[125],"12":[128],"user":[129],"equipment":[130],"are":[131],"served":[132],"same":[135,175],"time/frequency":[136,176],"resource":[137],"using":[138],"an":[139],"LTE-like":[140],"orthogonal":[141],"frequency":[142],"division":[143],"multiplexing":[144],"time-division":[145],"duplex-based":[146],"transmission":[147],"scheme.":[148],"Proof-of-concept":[149],"tests":[150],"this":[152],"show":[154],"that":[155],"can":[158],"simultaneously":[159],"serve":[160],"users":[164],"in":[165],"static":[167,170],"indoor":[168],"outdoor":[171],"environment":[172],"utilizing":[173],"resource.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2017-01-13T00:00:00"}