{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2578622953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2649540","title":"Dictionary Refinement for Compressive Sensing Based Device-Free Localization via the Variational EM Algorithm","display_name":"Dictionary Refinement for Compressive Sensing Based Device-Free Localization via the Variational EM Algorithm","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2578622953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2649540","mag":"2578622953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2649540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2649540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2649540","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009292756","display_name":"Dongping Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7523-1864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongping Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7523-1864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100614809","display_name":"Yan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-9682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369025","display_name":"Ning Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4358-6449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063375331","display_name":"Da\u2010Gang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2850-1678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dagang Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Optoelectronic Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Optoelectronic Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":2.673,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90975102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"9743","last_page":"9757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressed-sensing","display_name":"Compressed sensing","score":0.8668793439865112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7979652881622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7576431035995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5460354089736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.5126959085464478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.44383299350738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.41574203968048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3637579083442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.1926928460597992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.17642274498939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11998361349105835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124851039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665459","display_name":"Compressed sensing","level":2,"score":0.8668793439865112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7979652881622314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7576431035995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5460354089736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.5126959085464478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.44383299350738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.41574203968048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3637579083442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.1926928460597992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.17642274498939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11998361349105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2649540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2649540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:152377c227df4757bd0e89c3529b2d6a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/152377c227df4757bd0e89c3529b2d6a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 4, Pp 9743-9757 (2016)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2017.2649540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2649540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2177206264","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u65e0\u7ebf\u7f51\u72b6\u7f51\u5f02\u6784\u6027\u5ea6\u91cf\u7b56\u7565\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61371124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G244666656","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u538b\u7f29\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u7f51\u7edc\u5b9a\u4f4d\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61571463","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G804409891","display_name":"\u65e0\u7ebf\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u9ad8\u80fd\u6548\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7801\u7ec4\u64ad\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61472445","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W565909586","https://openalex.org/W1516111018","https://openalex.org/W1941817920","https://openalex.org/W1970398760","https://openalex.org/W1973510848","https://openalex.org/W1985409953","https://openalex.org/W1988348999","https://openalex.org/W1996409685","https://openalex.org/W1999177119","https://openalex.org/W2000721204","https://openalex.org/W2006036128","https://openalex.org/W2017966270","https://openalex.org/W2029935052","https://openalex.org/W2045107598","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2058918977","https://openalex.org/W2071284784","https://openalex.org/W2073828842","https://openalex.org/W2096971408","https://openalex.org/W2102449144","https://openalex.org/W2118097499","https://openalex.org/W2119667497","https://openalex.org/W2126300356","https://openalex.org/W2127271355","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2148154358","https://openalex.org/W2151034334","https://openalex.org/W2151693816","https://openalex.org/W2164692160","https://openalex.org/W2170589361","https://openalex.org/W2196313793","https://openalex.org/W2287879124","https://openalex.org/W2471935249","https://openalex.org/W2517587710","https://openalex.org/W2567948266","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W4232141844","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2900864464","https://openalex.org/W2475480881","https://openalex.org/W2208932071","https://openalex.org/W2121723556","https://openalex.org/W54727051","https://openalex.org/W2783639087","https://openalex.org/W2155956102","https://openalex.org/W1976188970","https://openalex.org/W2390244926","https://openalex.org/W2112820851"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Device-free":[0],"localization":[1,17,95,151],"(DFL)":[2],"plays":[3],"an":[4],"increasingly":[5],"important":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,38,68,76],"many":[9],"security":[10],"and":[11,82,88,126,152,165],"military":[12],"applications.":[13],"It":[14,112],"can":[15,60,91],"realize":[16,149],"without":[18],"the":[19,34,49,56,83,86,94,114,120,128,131,138,142,159,169],"requirement":[20],"of":[21,36,52,97,134],"equipping":[22],"targets":[23,125],"with":[24,130,168],"any":[25],"devices":[26],"for":[27],"signal":[28],"transmitting":[29],"or":[30],"receiving.":[31],"To":[32,101],"reduce":[33],"number":[35],"measurements":[37,71,90],"DFL,":[39],"compressive":[40],"sensing":[41],"(CS)":[42],"theory":[43],"has":[44],"been":[45],"applied.":[46],"By":[47],"exploiting":[48],"sparse":[50],"nature":[51],"location":[53,58],"finding":[54],"problem,":[55],"target":[57],"vector":[59],"be":[61],"estimated":[62],"from":[63,74],"a":[64,77,106],"few":[65],"measurements.":[66],"However,":[67],"changing":[69],"environments,":[70],"may":[72],"diverge":[73],"those":[75],"fixed":[78,171],"dictionary":[79,87,108,129,153,172],"(sensing":[80],"matrix),":[81],"mismatches":[84],"between":[85],"runtime":[89],"significantly":[92],"deteriorate":[93],"performance":[96],"CS-based":[98],"DFL":[99,110,173],"methods.":[100,174],"address":[102],"this,":[103],"we":[104],"propose":[105],"novel":[107],"refinement-based":[109],"method.":[111],"adopts":[113],"saddle":[115],"surface":[116],"model":[117],"to":[118,148],"characterize":[119],"shadowing":[121,132],"effects":[122],"caused":[123],"by":[124],"parameterizes":[127],"rate":[133],"each":[135],"link":[136],"as":[137],"underlying":[139],"parameters.":[140],"Then,":[141],"variational":[143],"expectation-maximization":[144],"algorithm":[145],"is":[146],"adopted":[147],"joint":[150],"refinement.":[154],"Simulation":[155],"results":[156],"show":[157],"that":[158],"proposed":[160],"approach":[161],"achieves":[162],"higher":[163],"accuracy":[164],"robustness":[166],"compared":[167],"state-of-the-art":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}