{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2478850332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2592958","title":"Design of Smart Sensors for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring","display_name":"Design of Smart Sensors for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2478850332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2592958","mag":"2478850332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2016.2592958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2592958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2592958","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089214161","display_name":"Niel Andre Cloete","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niel Andre Cloete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001248508","display_name":"Reza Malekian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-8085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Malekian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-8085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084630487","display_name":"Lakshmi S. Nair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4963-0981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lakshmi Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":18.0216,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":307,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99455991,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"3975","last_page":"3990"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7611647248268127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.7262157797813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6832458972930908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5879595279693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5656921863555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-node","display_name":"Sensor node","score":0.5410796999931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5078874230384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4708397388458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4589333236217499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.436280757188797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.4270763099193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-meter-reading","display_name":"Automatic meter reading","score":0.4198751449584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.370918333530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1898786425590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.18405288457870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1703033447265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1338406205177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-distribution-in-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","score":0.12113261222839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.11830389499664307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7611647248268127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.7262157797813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6832458972930908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5879595279693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5656921863555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111185680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3866206","display_name":"Sensor node","level":5,"score":0.5410796999931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5078874230384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4708397388458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4589333236217499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.436280757188797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4270763099193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93763578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503672","display_name":"Automatic meter reading","level":3,"score":0.4198751449584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.370918333530426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1898786425590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.18405288457870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1703033447265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1338406205177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.12113261222839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.11830389499664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2016.2592958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2592958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db6ff45c742144f6b64f705da4d116b3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db6ff45c742144f6b64f705da4d116b3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 4, Pp 3975-3990 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/57667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2263/57667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401870","display_name":"UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","host_organization_name":"University of Pretoria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Postprint Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2016.2592958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2592958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1035395599","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IFR160118156967","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4606655947","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AOX220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320692","funder_display_name":"University of Pretoria"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320682","display_name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/05j00sr48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320692","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16049060","https://openalex.org/W1509165159","https://openalex.org/W1679392144","https://openalex.org/W1974640906","https://openalex.org/W1978727268","https://openalex.org/W2027924754","https://openalex.org/W2037785537","https://openalex.org/W2049546035","https://openalex.org/W2088401874","https://openalex.org/W2096414486","https://openalex.org/W2121608917","https://openalex.org/W2130874845","https://openalex.org/W2130934938","https://openalex.org/W2155791421","https://openalex.org/W2158781811","https://openalex.org/W2165766205","https://openalex.org/W2170785810","https://openalex.org/W2206496077","https://openalex.org/W2207522913","https://openalex.org/W2249825089","https://openalex.org/W2320098374","https://openalex.org/W2342227463","https://openalex.org/W2544403657","https://openalex.org/W2563768084","https://openalex.org/W4230775179","https://openalex.org/W6688178415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2536494564","https://openalex.org/W1977342959","https://openalex.org/W2565425112","https://openalex.org/W2545116705","https://openalex.org/W2148549110","https://openalex.org/W28080522","https://openalex.org/W2525537297","https://openalex.org/W2026087469","https://openalex.org/W145760256","https://openalex.org/W1591611979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"work":[3,147],"that":[4,175],"has":[5],"been":[6],"done":[7],"on":[8],"design":[9],"and":[10,49,71,86,95,105,117,169,184,189],"development":[11],"of":[12,21,25,40,114,138,180],"a":[13,80],"water":[14,28,41,61,123],"quality":[15,29,124],"monitoring":[16,140],"system,":[17],"with":[18,73],"the":[19,23,26,37,50,88,103,112,115,139,164,176,191],"objective":[20],"notifying":[22],"user":[24],"real-time":[27],"parameters.":[30],"The":[31,63,108,142,153,172],"system":[32,177],"is":[33,156,178],"able":[34,157],"to":[35,59,79,134,146,158,163],"measure":[36],"physiochemical":[38,55,182],"parameters":[39,56,125],"quality,":[42],"such":[43],"as":[44],"flow,":[45],"temperature,":[46],"pH,":[47],"conductivity,":[48],"oxidation":[51],"reduction":[52],"potential.":[53],"These":[54],"are":[57,66,77,98,132,144],"used":[58,99],"detect":[60],"contaminants.":[62],"sensors,":[64],"which":[65,84],"designed":[67],"from":[68],"first":[69],"principles":[70],"implemented":[72],"signal":[74],"conditioning":[75],"circuits,":[76],"connected":[78],"microcontroller-based":[81],"measuring":[82,104],"node,":[83],"processes":[85],"analyzes":[87],"data.":[89],"In":[90],"this":[91],"design,":[92],"ZigBee":[93,162],"receiver":[94],"transmitter":[96],"modules":[97],"for":[100,167],"communication":[101],"between":[102],"notification":[106,109,165],"nodes.":[107],"node":[110,155,166],"presents":[111],"reading":[113,181],"sensors":[116,143],"outputs":[118],"an":[119],"audio":[120,168],"alert":[121],"when":[122],"reach":[126],"unsafe":[127],"levels.":[128],"Various":[129],"qualification":[130],"tests":[131],"run":[133],"validate":[135],"each":[136],"aspect":[137],"system.":[141],"shown":[145],"within":[148],"their":[149],"intended":[150],"accuracy":[151],"ranges.":[152],"measurement":[154],"transmit":[159],"data":[160],"by":[161],"visual":[170],"display.":[171],"results":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"capable":[179],"parameters,":[183],"can":[185],"successfully":[186],"process,":[187],"transmit,":[188],"display":[190],"readings.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-11T18:08:03.149640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
