{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2320397015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2550179","title":"Improving the Tolerance of Stochastic LDPC Decoders to Overclocking-Induced Timing Errors: A Tutorial and a Design Example","display_name":"Improving the Tolerance of Stochastic LDPC Decoders to Overclocking-Induced Timing Errors: A Tutorial and a Design Example","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2320397015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2550179","mag":"2320397015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2016.2550179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2550179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2550179","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101680582","display_name":"Xin Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3978-6886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078100560","display_name":"Isaac Perez-Andrade","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac Perez-Andrade","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079225380","display_name":"Robert G. Maunder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7944-2615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert G. Maunder","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012783672","display_name":"Bashir M. Al\u2010Hashimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3591-1328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bashir M. Al-Hashimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091122305","display_name":"Lajos Hanzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-5214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lajos Hanzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101680582"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1309,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1411},"fwci":1.4477,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83387377,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"1607","last_page":"1629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-density-parity-check-code","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","score":0.9131324291229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7754553556442261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.6966000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.6792553663253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forward-error-correction","display_name":"Forward error correction","score":0.6637553572654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6281002759933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.6208023428916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5754754543304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.471102774143219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3415769338607788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.33295291662216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.32780593633651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14965581893920898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13128691911697388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67692717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187444","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","level":3,"score":0.9131324291229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7754553556442261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.6966000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.6792553663253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202932441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55611017","display_name":"Forward error correction","level":3,"score":0.6637553572654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6281002759933472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.6208023428916931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5754754543304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.471102774143219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3415769338607788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.33295291662216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32780593633651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14965581893920898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13128691911697388}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2016.2550179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2550179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:386027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:90bab3ae869f4f639f3f394d3f035c5a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/90bab3ae869f4f639f3f394d3f035c5a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 4, Pp 1607-1629 (2016)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2016.2550179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2016.2550179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9200000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1190378674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L010550/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3009845101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J015520/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1608679777","https://openalex.org/W1825164805","https://openalex.org/W1907580649","https://openalex.org/W1969841129","https://openalex.org/W1982515552","https://openalex.org/W2000901063","https://openalex.org/W2003056114","https://openalex.org/W2005617706","https://openalex.org/W2014418082","https://openalex.org/W2015266238","https://openalex.org/W2019751845","https://openalex.org/W2022823603","https://openalex.org/W2038487369","https://openalex.org/W2046091144","https://openalex.org/W2055447293","https://openalex.org/W2057169613","https://openalex.org/W2061964274","https://openalex.org/W2082242617","https://openalex.org/W2088738423","https://openalex.org/W2097324886","https://openalex.org/W2098934168","https://openalex.org/W2099419743","https://openalex.org/W2100925694","https://openalex.org/W2104510462","https://openalex.org/W2104677471","https://openalex.org/W2105050988","https://openalex.org/W2107740459","https://openalex.org/W2112467652","https://openalex.org/W2114997074","https://openalex.org/W2116739712","https://openalex.org/W2123150743","https://openalex.org/W2124153581","https://openalex.org/W2126780357","https://openalex.org/W2127370988","https://openalex.org/W2127421917","https://openalex.org/W2127490352","https://openalex.org/W2128765501","https://openalex.org/W2129904319","https://openalex.org/W2131239166","https://openalex.org/W2133068391","https://openalex.org/W2133513515","https://openalex.org/W2137813581","https://openalex.org/W2138724413","https://openalex.org/W2140253920","https://openalex.org/W2140405585","https://openalex.org/W2143444291","https://openalex.org/W2144024329","https://openalex.org/W2146494624","https://openalex.org/W2150859678","https://openalex.org/W2161057417","https://openalex.org/W2161223131","https://openalex.org/W2161755113","https://openalex.org/W2163527337","https://openalex.org/W2169732368","https://openalex.org/W2170203810","https://openalex.org/W2170320990","https://openalex.org/W2171060285","https://openalex.org/W2296253867","https://openalex.org/W3146045665","https://openalex.org/W4230566481","https://openalex.org/W4236432903","https://openalex.org/W4237720872","https://openalex.org/W4242607089","https://openalex.org/W4300094482","https://openalex.org/W6638596791","https://openalex.org/W6642636441","https://openalex.org/W6651316337","https://openalex.org/W6677869657","https://openalex.org/W6678374501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2623918504","https://openalex.org/W2957709805","https://openalex.org/W4225319325","https://openalex.org/W2916248738","https://openalex.org/W1968720239","https://openalex.org/W2980068837","https://openalex.org/W2622922565","https://openalex.org/W2100531868","https://openalex.org/W2124455219","https://openalex.org/W4387475406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Channel":[0],"codes,":[1,7],"such":[2],"as":[3],"low-density":[4],"parity-check":[5],"(LDPC)":[6],"may":[8,59,75],"be":[9,76,246],"employed":[10],"in":[11,105,123],"wireless":[12],"communication":[13,27],"schemes":[14,28],"for":[15,41,98,112,142,156,177,190],"correcting":[16,115,143],"transmission":[17,23,32,63,146],"errors.":[18,88,119],"This":[19],"tolerance":[20],"to":[21,29,67,184,245,250],"channel-induced":[22],"errors":[24,104],"allows":[25],"the":[26,35,61,69,72,82,100,154,164,242,257,266],"achieve":[30],"higher":[31],"throughputs,":[33],"at":[34,81],"cost":[36,83],"of":[37,84,96,102,135,265],"requiring":[38],"additional":[39,110,157],"processing":[40,56,70,243,262],"performing":[42],"LDPC":[43,47,130,179],"decoding.":[44],"However,":[45],"this":[46,79,121,124,183,224],"decoding":[48],"operation":[49],"is":[50,80,200,232,253],"associated":[51],"with":[52],"a":[53,94,173,186,210,220],"potentially":[54,85],"inadequate":[55],"throughput,":[57,71],"which":[58,252],"constrain":[60],"attainable":[62],"throughput.":[64],"In":[65,219],"order":[66],"increase":[68],"clock":[73],"period":[74],"reduced,":[77],"albeit":[78],"introducing":[86],"timing":[87,103,118,150,187,216],"Previous":[89],"research":[90],"efforts":[91],"have":[92],"considered":[93],"paucity":[95],"solutions":[97],"mitigating":[99],"occurrence":[101],"channel":[106],"decoders,":[107],"by":[108,160,202,234,248],"employing":[109],"circuitry":[111],"detecting":[113],"and":[114,192],"these":[116],"overclocking-induced":[117],"Against":[120],"background,":[122],"paper,":[125],"we":[126,162,208],"demonstrate":[127],"that":[128,231],"stochastic":[129],"decoders":[131],"(LDPC-SDs)":[132],"are":[133],"capable":[134],"exploiting":[136],"their":[137,195],"inherent":[138],"error":[139,188,197,217,258],"correction":[140,198,259],"capability":[141,260],"not":[144],"only":[145],"errors,":[147,151],"but":[148],"also":[149,171],"even":[152],"without":[153,238,255],"requirement":[155],"circuitry.":[158],"Motivated":[159],"this,":[161],"provide":[163],"first":[165],"comprehensive":[166],"tutorial":[167],"on":[168],"LDPC-SDs.":[169],"We":[170,181],"propose":[172,209],"novel":[174],"design":[175],"flow":[176],"timing-error-tolerant":[178],"decoders.":[180],"use":[182],"develop":[185],"model":[189],"LDPC-SDs":[191],"investigate":[193],"how":[194],"overall":[196],"performance":[199,229],"affected":[201],"overclocking.":[203],"Drawing":[204],"upon":[205],"our":[206,239],"findings,":[207],"modified":[211],"LDPC-SD,":[212],"having":[213],"an":[214,235],"improved":[215],"tolerance.":[218],"particular":[221],"practical":[222],"scenario,":[223],"modification":[225],"eliminates":[226],"approximately":[227],"1-dB":[228],"degradation":[230],"suffered":[233],"overclocked":[236],"LDPC-SD":[237],"modification,":[240],"enabling":[241],"throughput":[244],"increased":[247],"up":[249],"69.4%,":[251],"achieved":[254],"compromising":[256],"or":[261],"energy":[263],"consumption":[264],"LDPC-SD.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
