{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1684234301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2454533","title":"Making Bertha See Even More: Radar Contribution","display_name":"Making Bertha See Even More: Radar Contribution","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1684234301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2454533","mag":"1684234301"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2015.2454533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2454533","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07161279.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07161279.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050997570","display_name":"Juergen Dickmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-3368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juergen Dickmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001179073","display_name":"Nils Appenrodt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1053-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils Appenrodt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068891527","display_name":"Jens Klappstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Klappstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108238320","display_name":"Hans-Ludwig Bloecher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans-Ludwig Bloecher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077859527","display_name":"Marc Muntzinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Muntzinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063591566","display_name":"Alfons Sailer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfons Sailer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042046215","display_name":"Markus Hahn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Hahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042010722","display_name":"Carsten Brenk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891521709","display_name":"Daimler (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00m0j3d84","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Brenk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Daimler AG, Ulm, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891521709"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.997,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94970977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"1233","last_page":"1247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.712477445602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6977406740188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.49474284052848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.49451205134391785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.47931113839149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.38570836186408997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3823831081390381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2986266016960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2527972459793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1444208323955536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12272626161575317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.712477445602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6977406740188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.49474284052848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.49451205134391785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.47931113839149475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.38570836186408997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3823831081390381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2986266016960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2527972459793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1444208323955536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12272626161575317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2015.2454533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2454533","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07161279.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a6af1232691b40a58db81eeb96f5403e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a6af1232691b40a58db81eeb96f5403e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 3, Pp 1233-1247 (2015)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2015.2454533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2454533","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07161279.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1684234301.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1684234301.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W617473699","https://openalex.org/W1507773801","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1999050017","https://openalex.org/W2032924574","https://openalex.org/W2076623506","https://openalex.org/W2096902994","https://openalex.org/W2101938307","https://openalex.org/W2128570460","https://openalex.org/W2132695119","https://openalex.org/W2154419330","https://openalex.org/W2158579290","https://openalex.org/W2170736835","https://openalex.org/W2505763307","https://openalex.org/W3154732924","https://openalex.org/W4241229097","https://openalex.org/W4388475847","https://openalex.org/W6630387059","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6674532987"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134175566","https://openalex.org/W4377081758","https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W4281727072","https://openalex.org/W4312219546","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W2171975302","https://openalex.org/W1532073221","https://openalex.org/W2377538627","https://openalex.org/W2107220315"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"decades,":[1],"radar":[2,77,128,188,247],"has":[3,100],"been":[4,122,193],"applied":[5],"extensively":[6],"in":[7,31,59,84,105,138,195,201],"warfare,":[8],"earth":[9],"observation,":[10],"rain":[11],"detection,":[12],"and":[13,34,41,49,91,116,185,198,218,229,250],"industrial":[14],"applications.":[15],"All":[16],"those":[17],"areas":[18],"are":[19,212],"characterized":[20,213],"by":[21,214],"requirements":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24,149],"high":[25,118],"quality":[26],"of":[27,68,113,177,233],"service,":[28],"reliability,":[29],"robustness":[30],"harsh":[32],"environment":[33,82],"short":[35,186],"update":[36,119],"time":[37],"for":[38,153],"environmental":[39],"perception,":[40],"even":[42,104],"imaging":[43],"tasks.":[44],"In":[45],"the":[46,65,69,80,85,123,127,164,175,242],"vehicle":[47,62,73],"safety":[48],"driver":[50],"assistance":[51],"field,":[52],"radars":[53,191],"have":[54,121,192],"found":[55],"widespread":[56],"application":[57],"globally":[58],"nearly":[60],"all":[61],"brands.":[63],"With":[64],"market":[66],"introduction":[67],"2014":[70],"Mercedes-Benz":[71,142],"S-Class":[72,144],"equipped":[74],"with":[75],"six":[76],"sensors":[78],"covering":[79],"vehicles":[81],"360\u00b0":[83,226],"near":[86],"(up":[87,94],"to":[88,95,146,159,236,253],"40":[89],"m)":[90],"far":[92],"range":[93,187],"200":[96],"m),":[97],"autonomous":[98,134],"driving":[99,135],"become":[101],"a":[102,117,225,230],"reality":[103],"low-speed":[106],"highway":[107],"scenarios.":[108],"A":[109,141],"large":[110,231],"azimuth":[111],"field":[112],"view,":[114],"multimodality":[115],"rate":[120],"key":[124],"innovations":[125],"on":[126,174],"side.":[129],"One":[130],"major":[131],"step":[132],"toward":[133],"was":[136,172],"made":[137],"August":[139],"2013.":[140],"research":[143],"vehicle-referred":[145],"at":[147],"Mercedes":[148],"Bertha-drove":[150],"completely":[151],"autonomously":[152],"about":[154],"100":[155],"km":[156],"from":[157],"Mannheim":[158],"Pforzheim,":[160],"Germany.":[161],"It":[162],"followed":[163],"well-known":[165],"historic":[166],"Bertha":[167,255],"Benz":[168],"Memorial":[169],"Route.":[170],"This":[171,239],"done":[173],"basis":[176],"one":[178],"stereo":[179],"vision":[180],"system,":[181],"comprising":[182],"several":[183],"long":[184],"sensors.":[189],"These":[190],"modified":[194],"Doppler":[196],"resolution":[197],"dramatically":[199],"improved":[200],"their":[202,251],"perception":[203],"capabilities.":[204],"The":[205],"new":[206],"algorithms":[207],"consider":[208],"that":[209,245],"urban":[210],"scenarios":[211],"significantly":[215],"shorter":[216,221],"reaction":[217],"observation":[219],"times,":[220],"mean":[222],"free":[223],"distances,":[224],"interaction":[227],"zone,":[228],"variety":[232],"object":[234],"types":[235],"be":[237],"considered.":[238],"paper":[240],"describes":[241],"main":[243],"challenges":[244],"Daimler":[246],"researchers":[248],"faced":[249],"solutions":[252],"make":[254],"see.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}