{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1511021988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2445336","title":"Encryption for Implantable Medical Devices Using Modified One-Time Pads","display_name":"Encryption for Implantable Medical Devices Using Modified One-Time Pads","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1511021988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2445336","mag":"1511021988"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2015.2445336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2445336","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07123574.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07123574.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026883510","display_name":"Guanglou Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2307-9562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanglou Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","Dept. of Eng., Macquarie Univ., Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Eng., Macquarie Univ., Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103204489","display_name":"Gengfa Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0845-6718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gengfa Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","Dept. of Eng., Macquarie Univ., Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Eng., Macquarie Univ., Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071725289","display_name":"Rajan Shankaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9248-4158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajan Shankaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","Department of Computing , Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing , Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010152619","display_name":"Mehmet A. Orgun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7873-1562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet A. Orgun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","Department of Computing , Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing , Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":10.9133,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98243203,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"825","last_page":"836"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.558899998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.558899998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.16120000183582306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.0478999987244606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7402937412261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7314189672470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6111569404602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5123027563095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4553253650665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4055335819721222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.401904433965683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3463398814201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10408839583396912}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7402937412261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7314189672470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6111569404602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5123027563095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4553253650665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4055335819721222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.401904433965683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3463398814201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10408839583396912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2015.2445336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2445336","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07123574.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:23e54d0eb1ed464eb906aabccad937d0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/23e54d0eb1ed464eb906aabccad937d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 3, Pp 825-836 (2015)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2015.2445336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2445336","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07123574.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307857","display_name":"African Development Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqz0k77"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1511021988.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1511021988.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115326044","https://openalex.org/W1922973483","https://openalex.org/W1940288027","https://openalex.org/W1956043843","https://openalex.org/W1972559604","https://openalex.org/W1982170863","https://openalex.org/W1991422642","https://openalex.org/W2006438529","https://openalex.org/W2009006983","https://openalex.org/W2024296478","https://openalex.org/W2032551902","https://openalex.org/W2032719203","https://openalex.org/W2049509357","https://openalex.org/W2052417873","https://openalex.org/W2055335386","https://openalex.org/W2083774980","https://openalex.org/W2093144089","https://openalex.org/W2101188359","https://openalex.org/W2102753983","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2109673240","https://openalex.org/W2127510558","https://openalex.org/W2140184559","https://openalex.org/W2143472559","https://openalex.org/W2145548455","https://openalex.org/W2146108785","https://openalex.org/W2146254945","https://openalex.org/W2155079825","https://openalex.org/W2156808151","https://openalex.org/W2162648338","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2537902178","https://openalex.org/W2570008916","https://openalex.org/W2746505796","https://openalex.org/W3160027900","https://openalex.org/W3163671086","https://openalex.org/W4214670354","https://openalex.org/W4242927331","https://openalex.org/W6604745394","https://openalex.org/W6681284244","https://openalex.org/W6681749759","https://openalex.org/W6763904793"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100090372","https://openalex.org/W4361205702","https://openalex.org/W1975289146","https://openalex.org/W2385965183","https://openalex.org/W2013342653","https://openalex.org/W2901818815","https://openalex.org/W4289281780","https://openalex.org/W2359552542","https://openalex.org/W2374897487","https://openalex.org/W2140798747"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"an":[2],"electrocardiogram":[3],"(ECG)-based":[4],"data":[5,166,186],"encryption":[6,53,123],"(EDE)":[7],"scheme":[8,197],"for":[9,74,108,182,198],"implantable":[10],"medical":[11,155],"devices":[12],"(IMDs).":[13],"IMDs,":[14],"including":[15],"pacemakers":[16],"and":[17,26,63,117,141,179,187],"cardiac":[18],"defibrillators,":[19],"perform":[20],"therapeutic":[21],"or":[22],"even":[23],"life-saving":[24],"functions":[25],"store":[27],"sensitive":[28],"data;":[29],"therefore,":[30],"it":[31],"is":[32,44,194],"important":[33],"to":[34,40,49,69,87,134,160],"prevent":[35],"adversaries":[36],"from":[37,100],"having":[38],"access":[39,159],"them.":[41],"The":[42],"EDE":[43,94,127,171,193],"designed":[45],"with":[46],"the":[47,93,115,118,126,145,170,183,192],"ability":[48],"provide":[50],"information-theoretically":[51],"unbreakable":[52],"where":[54,82],"two":[55],"well-known":[56],"techniques":[57],"of":[58,176],"classic":[59],"one-time":[60],"pads":[61],"(OTPs)":[62],"error":[64],"correcting":[65],"codes":[66],"are":[67,85,103,112],"combined":[68],"achieve":[70],"a":[71,89,131,136,174,195],"cryptographic":[72,132],"primitive":[73],"IMDs.":[75,200],"Unlike":[76],"other":[77],"ECG-based":[78],"key":[79,90,137],"agreement":[80],"schemes":[81],"ECG":[83,101,165],"features":[84],"used":[86,105],"facilitate":[88],"distribution,":[91,138],"in":[92,167],"scheme,":[95],"random":[96],"binary":[97],"strings":[98],"generated":[99,113],"signals":[102],"directly":[104],"as":[106],"keys":[107,111],"encryption.":[109],"OTP":[110],"by":[114,144,152,162],"IMD":[116],"programmer,":[119],"respectively,":[120],"before":[121],"each":[122],"attempt;":[124],"thus,":[125],"does":[128],"not":[129,149],"require":[130],"infrastructure":[133],"support":[135],"storage,":[139],"revocation,":[140],"refreshment.":[142],"Protected":[143],"EDE,":[146],"IMDs":[147],"could":[148],"be":[150],"accessed":[151],"adversaries;":[153],"however,":[154],"personnel":[156],"can":[157],"have":[158],"them":[161],"measuring":[163],"real-time":[164],"emergencies.":[168],"Therefore,":[169],"design":[172],"achieves":[173],"balance":[175],"high":[177,180],"security":[178,188],"accessibility":[181],"IMD.":[184],"Our":[185],"analysis":[189],"shows":[190],"that":[191],"viable":[196],"protecting":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}