{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051823724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2398734","title":"Physical Layer Authentication via Fingerprint Embedding Using Software-Defined Radios","display_name":"Physical Layer Authentication via Fingerprint Embedding Using Software-Defined Radios","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051823724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2398734","mag":"2051823724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2015.2398734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2398734","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07027778.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07027778.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101538704","display_name":"Gunjan Verma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0480-8758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gunjan Verma","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000981358","display_name":"Paul Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1577-3914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053858045","display_name":"Brian M. Sadler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9564-3812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian M. Sadler","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101538704"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.6144,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93352688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"81","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8082276582717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.7673156261444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.7416417002677917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.702806830406189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.6331907510757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.6017670035362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.561130702495575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5450894236564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.49839138984680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4775187075138092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4266264736652374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4184838533401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4103579521179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34410586953163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2717049717903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1617411971092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1591174602508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14688804745674133}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8082276582717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7673156261444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.7416417002677917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.702806830406189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.6331907510757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.6017670035362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.561130702495575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5450894236564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.49839138984680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4775187075138092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4266264736652374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4184838533401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4103579521179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34410586953163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2717049717903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1617411971092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1591174602508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14688804745674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2015.2398734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2398734","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07027778.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:97b3a96c59854bb383cc804090990e99","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/97b3a96c59854bb383cc804090990e99","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 3, Pp 81-88 (2015)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2015.2398734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2015.2398734","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/7042252/07027778.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2051823724.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2051823724.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58365991","https://openalex.org/W1656678770","https://openalex.org/W1660562555","https://openalex.org/W1964095033","https://openalex.org/W1985671681","https://openalex.org/W2011980550","https://openalex.org/W2044442377","https://openalex.org/W2047892990","https://openalex.org/W2075419389","https://openalex.org/W2110062156","https://openalex.org/W2126460857","https://openalex.org/W2146080444","https://openalex.org/W2153261701","https://openalex.org/W2153644609","https://openalex.org/W2169128714","https://openalex.org/W4289126832","https://openalex.org/W6602364729"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W1621827506","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2051501574","https://openalex.org/W2124627279","https://openalex.org/W2050967184","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W2148654711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,81,88],"fingerprint":[3],"embedding":[4],"at":[5],"the":[6,24,59,79],"physical":[7],"layer":[8],"enables":[9],"a":[10,14,18,27,47],"receiver":[11],"to":[12],"authenticate":[13],"transmitter":[15],"by":[16],"detecting":[17],"low-power":[19],"authentication":[20,89],"tag":[21],"superimposed":[22,82],"upon":[23],"message":[25],"waveform;":[26],"theoretical":[28,73],"framework":[29],"for":[30],"such":[31],"fingerprinting":[32],"has":[33],"been":[34],"outlined.":[35],"We":[36,62],"carry":[37],"out":[38],"single-carrier":[39],"single-antenna":[40],"software":[41],"defined":[42],"radio":[43],"(SDR)":[44],"experiments":[45],"with":[46,58,72,94],"wireless":[48],"communications":[49],"link":[50],"over":[51],"which":[52],"we":[53],"transmit":[54],"and":[55,67,93],"receive":[56],"packets":[57],"embedded":[60],"fingerprinting.":[61],"analyze":[63],"these":[64],"experimental":[65],"results":[66],"find":[68],"they":[69],"match":[70],"well":[71],"predictions.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"demonstrates":[77],"that":[78],"method":[80],"fingerprints":[83],"can":[84],"deliver":[85],"high":[86],"probability":[87],"without":[90],"additional":[91],"bandwidth":[92],"minimal":[95],"impact":[96],"on":[97],"bit-error":[98],"rate":[99],"in":[100],"SDR":[101],"systems.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}