{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2055191956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2014.2348018","title":"Gradient-Orientation-Based PCA Subspace for Novel Face Recognition","display_name":"Gradient-Orientation-Based PCA Subspace for Novel Face Recognition","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2055191956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2014.2348018","mag":"2055191956"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2014.2348018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2014.2348018","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6705689/06878464.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6705689/06878464.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084177841","display_name":"Gheorghi\u021b\u0103 Ghinea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2578-5580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","display_name":"Brunel University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn4t376","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gheorghita Ghinea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Brunel University, Uxbridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Brunel University, Uxbridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091533296","display_name":"Rajkumar Kannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7812-8595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajkumar Kannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037753123","display_name":"Suresh Kannaiyan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suresh Kannaiyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Bishop Heber Coll. (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Bishop Heber Coll. (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1197,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1290},"fwci":4.1243,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9536933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"914","last_page":"920"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8008581399917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.7999459505081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7206928133964539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.70932537317276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.62592613697052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.5795795917510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.525226354598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.49492019414901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.4746580421924591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.452033668756485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.4445209801197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hausdorff-distance","display_name":"Hausdorff distance","score":0.437447726726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eigenface","display_name":"Eigenface","score":0.42821308970451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.41065311431884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.28896260261535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10635870695114136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8008581399917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.7999459505081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7206928133964539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.70932537317276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.62592613697052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5795795917510986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.525226354598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.49492019414901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.4746580421924591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.452033668756485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4445209801197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141898687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501997","display_name":"Hausdorff distance","level":2,"score":0.437447726726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104906051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29695","display_name":"Eigenface","level":4,"score":0.42821308970451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.41065311431884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.28896260261535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10635870695114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2014.2348018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2014.2348018","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6705689/06878464.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bura.brunel.ac.uk:2438/10785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/10785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401473","display_name":"Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I59433898","host_organization_name":"Brunel University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59433898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ae57da4b87a0475e9ab87c2f8d943a34","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ae57da4b87a0475e9ab87c2f8d943a34","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 2, Pp 914-920 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2014.2348018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2014.2348018","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6705689/06878464.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2055191956.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2055191956.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516759510","https://openalex.org/W1865963168","https://openalex.org/W1874199072","https://openalex.org/W1981280811","https://openalex.org/W1987435188","https://openalex.org/W2008430533","https://openalex.org/W2033406358","https://openalex.org/W2036949426","https://openalex.org/W2039219068","https://openalex.org/W2042586642","https://openalex.org/W2074596973","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2117553576","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2121751570","https://openalex.org/W2125095885","https://openalex.org/W2135192052","https://openalex.org/W2135463994","https://openalex.org/W2154872931","https://openalex.org/W2155059504","https://openalex.org/W2156718197","https://openalex.org/W2160754664","https://openalex.org/W2165037244","https://openalex.org/W2313608928","https://openalex.org/W2322621970","https://openalex.org/W6630867543","https://openalex.org/W6639335622","https://openalex.org/W6678171679","https://openalex.org/W6682644385","https://openalex.org/W6682755970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193323772","https://openalex.org/W4220850864","https://openalex.org/W2779406006","https://openalex.org/W2087185311","https://openalex.org/W4364362336","https://openalex.org/W4324027258","https://openalex.org/W3108145925","https://openalex.org/W2593555881","https://openalex.org/W2116423617","https://openalex.org/W2375628757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"recognition":[1,19,43,177],"is":[2,95,121,135,167],"an":[3],"interesting":[4],"and":[5,20,33,52,79,100,103,124,156,170],"a":[6,64,172],"challenging":[7],"problem":[8],"that":[9,163],"has":[10,24],"been":[11],"widely":[12],"studied":[13],"in":[14],"the":[15,36,69,82,126,138,144,164,179],"field":[16],"of":[17,115,128],"pattern":[18],"computer":[21],"vision.":[22],"It":[23],"many":[25],"applications":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28,118],"biometric":[29],"authentication,":[30],"video":[31],"surveillance,":[32],"others.":[34],"In":[35,55],"past":[37],"decade,":[38],"several":[39],"methods":[40,48],"for":[41,97,107,175],"face":[42,70,116,154,158,176],"were":[44],"proposed.":[45],"However,":[46],"these":[47,59,90],"suffer":[49],"from":[50],"pose":[51,80],"illumination":[53,78],"variations.":[54],"order":[56],"to":[57,67,77,88,142],"address":[58],"problems,":[60],"this":[61,112],"paper":[62],"proposes":[63],"novel":[65],"methodology":[66],"recognize":[68],"images.":[71],"Since":[72],"image":[73],"gradients":[74],"are":[75,105,150],"invariant":[76],"variations,":[81],"proposed":[83,165],"approach":[84,166],"uses":[85],"gradient":[86],"orientation":[87],"handle":[89],"effects.":[91],"The":[92,132,160],"Schur":[93],"decomposition":[94,99],"used":[96,136],"matrix":[98],"then":[101],"Schurvalues":[102],"Schurvectors":[104],"extracted":[106],"subspace":[108,113],"projection.":[109],"We":[110],"call":[111],"projection":[114],"features":[117],"Schurfaces,":[119],"which":[120],"numerically":[122],"stable":[123],"have":[125],"ability":[127],"handling":[129],"defective":[130],"matrices.":[131],"Hausdorff":[133],"distance":[134],"with":[137,152],"nearest":[139],"neighbor":[140],"classifier":[141],"measure":[143],"similarity":[145],"between":[146],"different":[147],"faces.":[148],"Experiments":[149],"conducted":[151],"Yale":[153],"database":[155],"ORL":[157],"database.":[159],"results":[161],"show":[162],"highly":[168],"discriminant":[169],"achieves":[171],"promising":[173],"accuracy":[174],"than":[178],"state-of-the-art":[180],"approaches.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
