{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1593194988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acc.2015.7171124","title":"Shared autonomous vehicles: Model formulation, sub-problem definitions, implementation details, and anticipated impacts","display_name":"Shared autonomous vehicles: Model formulation, sub-problem definitions, implementation details, and anticipated impacts","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1593194988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acc.2015.7171124","mag":"1593194988"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/acc.2015.7171124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acc.2015.7171124","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 American Control Conference (ACC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011220007","display_name":"Daniel J. Fagnant","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel J. Fagnant","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, United States","University of  Utah (United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of  Utah (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011220007"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.314,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63900498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2593","last_page":"2593"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trips-architecture","display_name":"TRIPS architecture","score":0.7671599388122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.5816356539726257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5764966011047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.5350388884544373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mile","display_name":"Mile","score":0.5085281133651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renting","display_name":"Renting","score":0.5022609233856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/destinations","display_name":"Destinations","score":0.47601205110549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.46858474612236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.4398789405822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.42423516511917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism","display_name":"Tourism","score":0.2556747496128082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.23061269521713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1966855823993683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1860029101371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.18114295601844788}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157085824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2384809","display_name":"TRIPS architecture","level":2,"score":0.7671599388122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.5816356539726257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5764966011047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5350388884544373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186379835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253276","display_name":"Mile","level":2,"score":0.5085281133651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85502023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157171","display_name":"Renting","level":2,"score":0.5022609233856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776687071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265193","display_name":"Destinations","level":3,"score":0.47601205110549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.46858474612236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4398789405822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.42423516511917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.2556747496128082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.23061269521713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1966855823993683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1860029101371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.18114295601844788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/acc.2015.7171124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/acc.2015.7171124","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 American Control Conference (ACC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2744324432","https://openalex.org/W2807758032","https://openalex.org/W4241968501","https://openalex.org/W3000088008","https://openalex.org/W2152103536","https://openalex.org/W4224254130","https://openalex.org/W3048948123","https://openalex.org/W263321605","https://openalex.org/W3082240633","https://openalex.org/W4379054727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,87,125,235],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,11,20,61,130,165,178,194,264,334,382,433,452,515,525],"self-driving":[3,24,66],"vehicles":[4,25,152,319],"holds":[5],"great":[6],"promise":[7],"for":[8,43,404,410,436],"the":[9,54,118,121,133,151,199,232,321,370,419],"future":[10],"transportation.":[12],"While":[13,418],"it":[14,458],"will":[15],"still":[16,329],"be":[17,77,357],"a":[18,39,128,145,291,304,331,376,431,489,500,516,523],"number":[19],"years":[21],"before":[22],"fully":[23],"can":[26],"safely":[27],"and":[28,102,144,228,241,251,278,401,415,481],"legally":[29],"drive":[30],"unoccupied":[31,248,368],"on":[32,150,168,238,301,427,505],"U.S.":[33],"streets,":[34],"once":[35],"this":[36],"is":[37,53,110,181,312,361,459,520],"possible,":[38],"new":[40,51,496],"transportation":[41],"mode":[42,52],"personal":[44,196],"travel":[45,160,280,399,402],"looks":[46],"set":[47],"to":[48,71,112,117,137,260,298,314,349,365,369,375,449,461],"arrive.":[49],"This":[50,68,202],"shared":[55],"autonomous":[56],"vehicle":[57,249],"(SAV),":[58],"combining":[59],"features":[60],"short-term":[62],"on-demand":[63],"rentals":[64],"with":[65,120,158,187,224],"capabilities.":[67],"presentation":[69,236],"seeks":[70,297],"demonstrate":[72],"how":[73],"SAVs'":[74,90],"potential":[75],"may":[76,210,218,356,438],"assessed":[78],"through":[79,213],"agent-based":[80],"modeling,":[81],"as":[82,269,271,288,290,465],"applied":[83],"in":[84,95,153,231,256,380,440,477],"Austin,":[85],"TX.":[86],"framework":[88],"sheds":[89],"current":[91],"speed":[92],"limitations":[93],"established":[94],"early":[96],"pilot":[97],"SAV":[98,311,405,497,509],"demonstrations":[99],"by":[100,106,163,303,338],"CityMobil2":[101],"Google.":[103],"A":[104,175],"12-mile":[105],"24-mile":[107],"regional":[108,195],"geofence":[109],"employed":[111],"limit":[113],"service":[114,335,393],"within":[115,198,320],"Austin":[116],"areas":[119],"greatest":[122],"demand":[123,139],"intensity.":[124],"simulation":[126,173,203,485],"uses":[127],"sample":[129],"trips":[131],"from":[132,191],"region's":[134],"planning":[135],"model":[136],"generate":[138],"across":[140],"traffic":[141,171],"analysis":[142],"zones":[143],"32,272-link":[146],"network.":[147],"Trips":[148],"call":[149],"5-minute":[154],"departure":[155,229],"time":[156],"windows,":[157],"link-level":[159],"times":[161,230,394,396],"varying":[162],"hour":[164],"day":[166],"based":[167],"MATSim's":[169],"dynamic":[170,214,252],"assignment":[172],"software.":[174],"sizable":[176],"degree":[177],"market":[179,185],"share":[180,211],"assumed,":[182],"though":[183,347],"not":[184,362],"dominance,":[186],"adoption":[188],"levels":[189],"ranging":[190],"2.3-11.1":[192],"percent":[193,351],"trip-making":[197,466],"geofenced":[200],"area.":[201],"work":[204],"also":[205,286,387],"assumes":[206],"that":[207,296,309,389,430,443,488],"individual":[208],"travelers":[209,223],"rides":[212],"ride-sharing":[215],"(DRS),":[216],"which":[217,342],"pool":[219],"two":[220],"or":[221,373],"more":[222,352,377,475],"similar":[225],"origins,":[226],"destinations":[227],"same":[233],"vehicle.":[234],"focuses":[237],"problem":[239],"formulation":[240],"solution":[242],"implementation":[243],"details":[244],"regarding":[245],"SAV-traveler":[246],"assignment,":[247],"relocation,":[250],"ridesharing.":[253],"Model":[254],"objectives":[255],"these":[257,484],"problems":[258],"seek":[259],"balance":[261],"competing":[262],"goals":[263],"minimalized":[265,272],"total":[266,392],"miles":[267,446],"driven,":[268],"well":[270,289],"traveler":[273],"wait":[274,340],"(particularly":[275],"long":[276],"waits)":[277],"in-vehicle":[279,398],"times.":[281],"Multiple":[282],"scenario":[283,421],"variations":[284],"are":[285],"tested,":[287],"fleet":[292,432,491],"size":[293],"optimization":[294],"procedure":[295],"maximize":[299],"return":[300,504],"investment":[302,506],"private":[305,490],"operator.":[306],"Results":[307],"show":[308],"each":[310],"able":[313],"replace":[315],"around":[316],"10":[317],"conventional":[318],"24":[322],"mi":[323,326],"\u00d7":[324],"12":[325],"area":[327],"while":[328,507],"maintaining":[330],"reasonable":[332],"level":[333],"(as":[336],"proxied":[337],"user":[339],"times,":[341],"average":[343,527],"just":[344],"1.0":[345],"minutes),":[346],"up":[348],"8":[350],"vehicle-miles":[353,441],"traveled":[354,442],"(VMT)":[355],"generated":[358],"if":[359],"DRS":[360,390,437,472],"utilized,":[363],"due":[364],"SAVs":[366,434],"journeying":[367],"next":[371],"traveler,":[372],"relocating":[374],"favorable":[378],"position":[379],"anticipation":[381],"next-period":[383],"demand.":[384],"Simulation":[385],"results":[386,486],"indicate":[388],"reduces":[391],"(wait":[395],"plus":[397],"times)":[400],"costs":[403],"users,":[406],"even":[407],"after":[408],"accounting":[409],"extra":[411],"passenger":[412],"pick-ups,":[413],"drop-offs":[414],"non-direct":[416],"routings.":[417],"base-case":[420],"(serving":[422],"56,324":[423],"person-trips":[424],"per":[425,495,513],"day,":[426],"average)":[428],"showed":[429],"allowing":[435],"result":[439],"exceed":[444],"person-trip":[445],"demanded":[447],"(due":[448],"anticipatory":[450],"relocations":[451],"empty":[453],"vehicles,":[454],"between":[455],"trip":[456,479,518],"calls),":[457],"possible":[460],"reduce":[462],"overall":[463],"VMT":[464],"intensity":[467],"(SAV":[468],"membership)":[469],"rises":[470],"and/or":[471],"users":[473],"become":[474],"flexible":[476],"their":[478],"timing":[480],"routing.":[482],"Finally,":[483],"suggest":[487],"operator":[492],"paying":[493],"$70,000":[494],"could":[498],"earn":[499],"19%":[501],"annual":[502],"(long-term)":[503],"offering":[508],"services":[510],"at":[511],"$1.00":[512],"mile":[514],"non-shared":[517],"(which":[519],"less":[521],"than":[522],"third":[524],"Austin's":[526],"taxi":[528],"cab":[529],"fares).":[530]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}