{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200249137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/a-sscc53895.2021.9634749","title":"Tiny neural network search and implementation for embedded FPGA: a software-hardware co-design approach","display_name":"Tiny neural network search and implementation for embedded FPGA: a software-hardware co-design approach","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200249137","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/a-sscc53895.2021.9634749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/a-sscc53895.2021.9634749","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/a-sscc53895.2021.9634749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608516","display_name":"2021 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039457645","display_name":"Jinyu Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9369-0327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinyu Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059556932","display_name":"Yunqian Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunqian Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059565690","display_name":"Sifan Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sifan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100616488","display_name":"Kang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5745-5530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381646","display_name":"Wang Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-6034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weisheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039457645"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1313,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49154728,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8004115223884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7717804908752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5912718176841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5674029588699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-architecture","display_name":"Hardware architecture","score":0.5640063285827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.560785710811615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.553016185760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5518782138824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.48503297567367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4464362859725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-space-exploration","display_name":"Design space exploration","score":0.44473975896835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.43888431787490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.42232269048690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4213237166404724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1994282603263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09085223078727722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8004115223884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7717804908752441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5912718176841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5674029588699341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65232700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656403","display_name":"Hardware architecture","level":3,"score":0.5640063285827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.560785710811615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.553016185760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5518782138824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.48503297567367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4464362859725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.44473975896835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.43888431787490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.42232269048690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4213237166404724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1994282603263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09085223078727722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/a-sscc53895.2021.9634749","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/a-sscc53895.2021.9634749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608516","display_name":"2021 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2553303224","https://openalex.org/W2911884654","https://openalex.org/W2962856739","https://openalex.org/W2967733054","https://openalex.org/W3035332806","https://openalex.org/W3094801149","https://openalex.org/W6729956949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1876592433","https://openalex.org/W2083269738","https://openalex.org/W4313341326","https://openalex.org/W2518118925","https://openalex.org/W2025571570","https://openalex.org/W3159273459","https://openalex.org/W4383503138","https://openalex.org/W2281932057","https://openalex.org/W3133116121","https://openalex.org/W4307961910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Embedded":[0],"FPGA":[1],"has":[2,97,142],"been":[3,98],"widely":[4],"adopted":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,45,51,63,117],"hardware":[8,64,122,158],"platform":[9],"for":[10,50,165,181],"implementing":[11],"artificial":[12],"intelligence":[13],"(AI)":[14],"systems":[15],"on":[16,37,108],"the":[17,58,69,84,88,154],"edge":[18,34,182],"due":[19],"to":[20,32,67,101,152],"its":[21],"flexibility,":[22],"versatility":[23],"and":[24,56,90,127,129,134,157,178,187],"efficiency.":[25,159],"In":[26,112],"general,":[27],"there":[28],"are":[29,179],"three":[30],"steps":[31],"deploy":[33],"AI":[35,167,183],"algorithms":[36],"embedded":[38],"FPGAs":[39],"(Fig.":[40,140],"1a):":[41],"(a)":[42],"manually":[43],"train":[44],"neural":[46,93],"network":[47],"(NN)":[48],"model":[49],"specific":[52],"dataset;":[53],"(b)":[54],"prune":[55],"quantize":[57],"NN":[59,70,106,150,176],"model;":[60],"(c)":[61],"design":[62],"accelerator":[65],"architecture":[66,94,107,151],"implement":[68],"model.":[71],"Such":[72],"an":[73,104,148],"approach,":[74],"however,":[75],"usually":[76],"results":[77],"in":[78,146],"inferior":[79],"local-optimal":[80],"solutions":[81],"because":[82],"of":[83],"mutual":[85],"influence":[86],"between":[87],"algorithm":[89,155],"hardware.":[91],"Recently,":[92],"search":[95,172],"(NAS)":[96],"intensively":[99],"exploited":[100],"automatically":[102],"identify":[103],"optimal":[105,149],"given":[109],"constraints":[110,123],"[1\u20136].":[111],"particular,":[113],"hardware-aware":[114],"NAS":[115,118],"(HW-NAS),":[116],"strategy":[119],"that":[120],"takes":[121],"(e.g.,":[124,132,174],"on-chip":[125],"memory":[126],"DSP)":[128],"performance":[130],"requirements":[131],"FPS":[133],"energy":[135],"efficiency":[136],"etc.)":[137],"into":[138],"consideration":[139],"1b),":[141],"drawn":[143],"great":[144],"interest":[145],"finding":[147],"maximize":[153],"accuracy":[156],"Nevertheless,":[160],"current":[161],"HW-NAS":[162],"designs,":[163],"mainly":[164],"general":[166],"scenarios,":[168],"generally":[169],"have":[170],"complicated":[171],"space":[173],"oversized":[175],"model)":[177],"unaffordable":[180],"devices":[184],"(limited":[185],"resources":[186],"energy).":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
