{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3015857749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/a-sscc47793.2019.9056945","title":"A 0.5V Real-Time Computational CMOS Image Sensor with Programmable Kernel for Always-On Feature Extraction","display_name":"A 0.5V Real-Time Computational CMOS Image Sensor with Programmable Kernel for Always-On Feature Extraction","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3015857749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/a-sscc47793.2019.9056945","mag":"3015857749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/a-sscc47793.2019.9056945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/a-sscc47793.2019.9056945","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006152966","display_name":"Tzu-Hsiang Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7481-075X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tzu-Hsiang Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058352164","display_name":"Yen-Kai Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yen-Kai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002800102","display_name":"Tai-Hsing Wen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tai-Hsing Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016720009","display_name":"Wei-Chen Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7642-3005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Chen Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056687683","display_name":"Yiren Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3347-8695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Ren Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046585283","display_name":"Fu-Chun Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu-Chun Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100706959","display_name":"Hyunjoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9906-073X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunjoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100428456","display_name":"Qian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1909-302X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035469250","display_name":"Bongjin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5397-9628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bongjin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007060812","display_name":"Ren-Shuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5311-4955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren-Shuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030409860","display_name":"Chung\u2010Chuan Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7737-7250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Chuan Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044259295","display_name":"Kea\u2010Tiong Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9689-1236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kea-Tiong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023225287","display_name":"Meng\u2010Fan Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-6350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng-Fan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052910427","display_name":"Chih-Cheng Hsieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-5059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Cheng Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006152966"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.815,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86091411,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"33","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5256549119949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4668256640434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4505099952220917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.44453534483909607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4273512065410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38375747203826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17942705750465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.13936036825180054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5256549119949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4668256640434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4505099952220917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.44453534483909607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4273512065410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38375747203826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17942705750465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.13936036825180054}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/a-sscc47793.2019.9056945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/a-sscc47793.2019.9056945","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"mag:3085160893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=202002237792652119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306512817","display_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Conference Proceedings","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095686664","https://openalex.org/W2592539811","https://openalex.org/W2593882908","https://openalex.org/W2744202503","https://openalex.org/W2898054128","https://openalex.org/W2899162463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090093270","https://openalex.org/W2114889067","https://openalex.org/W3115043162","https://openalex.org/W2719428933","https://openalex.org/W3094465623","https://openalex.org/W2546871836","https://openalex.org/W2139982152","https://openalex.org/W1970709947","https://openalex.org/W1966950629","https://openalex.org/W2013951325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,108],"0.5V":[4],"computational":[5],"CMOS":[6],"image":[7],"sensor":[8],"(C":[9],"<sup":[10],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[11,52,57,70,88,105,114,120],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[12],"IS)":[13],"with":[14,55,107],"array-parallel":[15],"computing":[16],"capability":[17],"for":[18],"always-on":[19],"feature":[20,79,101],"extraction.":[21],"By":[22],"applying":[23],"the":[24,34,44,49,63,77,98,117],"developed":[25],"pulsed-width":[26],"modulation":[27],"(PWM)":[28],"pixel":[29],"and":[30,62,94,100,116],"switch-current":[31],"integration":[32],"(SCI),":[33],"in-sensor":[35],"8-directional":[36],"matrix-parallel":[37],"multiply-accumulate":[38],"(MAC)":[39],"operation":[40],"is":[41],"realized.":[42],"Moreover,":[43],"analog-domain":[45],"convolution-on-readout":[46],"(COR)":[47],"operation,":[48],"programmable":[50],"<tex":[51,56,69,87,104,113,119],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$3\\mathrm{x}3$</tex>":[53],"kernel":[54],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\pm":[58],"3$</tex>":[59],"-bit":[60],"weights,":[61],"tunable-resolution":[64],"column-parallel":[65],"ADC":[66],"(1b":[67],"to":[68,75,96],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$8\\mathrm{b}$</tex>":[71],")":[72],"are":[73],"implemented":[74],"achieve":[76],"real-time":[78],"extraction":[80],"without":[81],"use":[82],"of":[83,111,122],"additional":[84],"memory.":[85],"The":[86],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{C}^{2}\\mathrm{IS}$</tex>":[89],"prototype":[90],"has":[91],"been":[92],"fabricated":[93],"verified":[95],"demonstrate":[97],"raw":[99],"images":[102],"at":[103],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$480\\mathrm{fps}$</tex>":[106],"power":[109],"consumption":[110],"77/91":[112],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(\\mathrm{uW}$</tex>":[115],"resultant":[118],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{FoM}$</tex>":[121],"9.8/11.6":[123],"(pJ/pix/frame),":[124],"respectively.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
