{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158525392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/92.994992","title":"Cycle-accurate energy measurement and characterization with a case study of the ARM7TDMI [microprocessors]","display_name":"Cycle-accurate energy measurement and characterization with a case study of the ARM7TDMI [microprocessors]","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158525392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/92.994992","mag":"2158525392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/92.994992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/92.994992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012573428","display_name":"Naehyuck Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3288-8174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naehyuck Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101798792","display_name":"Kwanho Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9487-2365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwanho Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054714238","display_name":"Hyung Gyu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2596-7130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyung Gyu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012573428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.8071,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97998954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"146","last_page":"154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microprocessor","display_name":"Microprocessor","score":0.6385773420333862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6278513669967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5769351720809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operand","display_name":"Operand","score":0.5599960684776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5590370893478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetch","display_name":"Fetch","score":0.5570173859596252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5100939869880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4924534261226654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3918706178665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.34452056884765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24314120411872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16376686096191406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5297","display_name":"Microprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6385773420333862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6278513669967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5769351720809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55526617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719375","display_name":"Operand","level":2,"score":0.5599960684776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5590370893478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131918245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1409090","display_name":"Fetch","level":2,"score":0.5570173859596252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5100939869880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4924534261226654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3918706178665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.34452056884765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24314120411872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16376686096191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/92.994992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/92.994992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4097205","https://openalex.org/W1546460110","https://openalex.org/W1633471522","https://openalex.org/W1753619043","https://openalex.org/W1979887868","https://openalex.org/W1997249557","https://openalex.org/W2002861162","https://openalex.org/W2018912311","https://openalex.org/W2064610142","https://openalex.org/W2070989219","https://openalex.org/W2088857562","https://openalex.org/W2099315024","https://openalex.org/W2103402005","https://openalex.org/W2106482599","https://openalex.org/W2115714630","https://openalex.org/W2144293278","https://openalex.org/W2166243422","https://openalex.org/W2471265586","https://openalex.org/W2615865818","https://openalex.org/W4230556191","https://openalex.org/W4240259771","https://openalex.org/W4245590476","https://openalex.org/W6812022819"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3104784933","https://openalex.org/W2112746155","https://openalex.org/W2371841116","https://openalex.org/W2377409279","https://openalex.org/W2795518818","https://openalex.org/W2380717476","https://openalex.org/W2360223241","https://openalex.org/W798705427","https://openalex.org/W2184525840","https://openalex.org/W2382020840"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"characterization":[1,10,45,172],"is":[2,11,19,60,66],"the":[3,43,81,85,90,117,128,139,146,151,154],"basis":[4],"for":[5,22,42,157],"high-level":[6],"energy":[7,44,52,73,82,129,147,162],"reduction.":[8,163],"Measurement-based":[9],"accurate":[12],"and":[13,18,65,108,171],"independent":[14],"of":[15,46,72,84,131,153,161,168],"model":[16],"availability":[17],"thus":[20],"suitable":[21],"commercial":[23],"off-the-shelf":[24],"(COTS)":[25],"components,":[26],"but":[27],"conventional":[28],"measurement":[29,53,170],"equipment":[30],"has":[31],"serious":[32],"limitations":[33],"in":[34,76],"this":[35],"context.":[36],"We":[37,141,164],"introduce":[38],"a":[39,47,50,70,122],"new":[40],"technique":[41],"microprocessor":[48],"using":[49],"cycle-accurate":[51],"system":[54],"based":[55],"on":[56],"charge":[57],"transfer":[58],"which":[59],"robust":[61],"to":[62,68,138,144],"spiky":[63],"noise":[64],"able":[67,143],"collect":[69],"range":[71],"consumption":[74],"profiles":[75],"real":[77],"time.":[78],"It":[79],"measures":[80],"variation":[83],"CPU":[86],"core":[87],"by":[88],"changing":[89],"instruction-level":[91,133],"energy-sensitive":[92,134,155],"factors":[93,135,156],"such":[94],"as":[95,121],"opcodes":[96],"(operations),":[97],"instruction":[98],"fetch":[99,106],"addresses,":[100],"register":[101,103],"numbers,":[102],"values,":[104],"data":[105],"addresses":[107],"immediate":[109],"operand":[110],"values":[111],"at":[112],"each":[113],"pipeline":[114],"stage.":[115],"Using":[116],"ARM7TDMI":[118],"RISC":[119],"processor":[120],"case":[123],"study,":[124],"we":[125],"observe":[126],"that":[127],"contributions":[130],"most":[132],"are":[136,142],"orthogonal":[137],"operations.":[140],"characterize":[145],"variation,":[148],"preserving":[149],"all":[150],"effects":[152],"various":[158],"software":[159],"methods":[160],"also":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"applications":[167],"our":[169],"techniques.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
