{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2080427212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/69.50905","title":"The Gamma database machine project","display_name":"The Gamma database machine project","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2080427212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/69.50905","mag":"2080427212"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/69.50905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/69.50905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055300310","display_name":"David J. DeWitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5037-5205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D.J. DeWitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015710502","display_name":"Shahram Ghandeharizadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1792-7879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Ghandeharizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047556383","display_name":"Donovan A. Schneider","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.A. Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067545328","display_name":"A. Bricker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Bricker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075510577","display_name":"Hui-I Hsiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.-I. Hsiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015078870","display_name":"Rachel Rasmussen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0264-6206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Rasmussen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055300310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":51.686,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":666,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9998875,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"44","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8619640469551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataflow","display_name":"Dataflow","score":0.7010109424591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypercube","display_name":"Hypercube","score":0.6263110041618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database","display_name":"Relational database","score":0.5920029282569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intel-ipsc","display_name":"Intel iPSC","score":0.5875479578971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.45734214782714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4571121037006378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.45494675636291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-theory","display_name":"Database theory","score":0.4356074929237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-analytical-processing","display_name":"Online analytical processing","score":0.43175381422042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4225988984107971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35210540890693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.32882028818130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2579229474067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-warehouse","display_name":"Data warehouse","score":0.1408458650112152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8619640469551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96324660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446","display_name":"Dataflow","level":2,"score":0.7010109424591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50820777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213723","display_name":"Hypercube","level":2,"score":0.6263110041618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.5920029282569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199115840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108649754","display_name":"Intel iPSC","level":3,"score":0.5875479578971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.45734214782714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4571121037006378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.45494675636291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12439846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4809258","display_name":"Database theory","level":3,"score":0.4356074929237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201932085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642514","display_name":"Online analytical processing","level":3,"score":0.43175381422042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4225988984107971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35210540890693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.32882028818130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2579229474067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135572916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193351","display_name":"Data warehouse","level":2,"score":0.1408458650112152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/69.50905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/69.50905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:minds.wisconsin.edu:1793/11036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/11036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401622","display_name":"Minds at UW (University of Wisconsin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","host_organization_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:minds.wisconsin.edu:1793/59272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/59272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401622","display_name":"Minds at UW (University of Wisconsin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","host_organization_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Technical Report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.113.6798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.113.6798","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~nil/764/Parallel/27_dewitt90gamma.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.45.2434","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.45.2434","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/tech-reports/reports/90/tr921.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.99.8069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.99.8069","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~dewitt/includes/paralleldb/ieee90.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484813121","https://openalex.org/W1491227338","https://openalex.org/W1519356465","https://openalex.org/W1552081212","https://openalex.org/W1554541706","https://openalex.org/W1561190664","https://openalex.org/W1929853380","https://openalex.org/W1975577269","https://openalex.org/W1981523076","https://openalex.org/W1987833590","https://openalex.org/W1990771431","https://openalex.org/W2004731091","https://openalex.org/W2005132320","https://openalex.org/W2007030756","https://openalex.org/W2025405461","https://openalex.org/W2043934800","https://openalex.org/W2048408594","https://openalex.org/W2051244613","https://openalex.org/W2078528123","https://openalex.org/W2088587967","https://openalex.org/W2095075045","https://openalex.org/W2106887953","https://openalex.org/W2116436709","https://openalex.org/W2123079076","https://openalex.org/W2128912667","https://openalex.org/W2132692154","https://openalex.org/W2134783839","https://openalex.org/W2147504831","https://openalex.org/W2153329411","https://openalex.org/W2167679350","https://openalex.org/W2200275386","https://openalex.org/W3009202437","https://openalex.org/W4238594802","https://openalex.org/W4245035583","https://openalex.org/W4247159861","https://openalex.org/W4248578633","https://openalex.org/W4248862230","https://openalex.org/W4249684151","https://openalex.org/W6629102967","https://openalex.org/W6633089140","https://openalex.org/W6633562499","https://openalex.org/W6663491889","https://openalex.org/W6679046037","https://openalex.org/W6687965037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250003423","https://openalex.org/W2026686860","https://openalex.org/W2127111677","https://openalex.org/W1555339015","https://openalex.org/W2914457235","https://openalex.org/W2139778910","https://openalex.org/W2154509600","https://openalex.org/W2072900126","https://openalex.org/W1524302211","https://openalex.org/W2171122365"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,118],"design":[1,119],"of":[2,51,111,120,131,136],"the":[3,8,44,80,109,121,132],"Gamma":[4,16,36,122,137],"database":[5,20],"machine":[6,21],"and":[7,32,87,126],"techniques":[9,93],"employed":[10],"in":[11,68],"its":[12],"implementation":[13],"are":[14,56,76,94],"described.":[15],"is":[17,105,124,138],"a":[18,127],"relational":[19,82],"currently":[22],"operating":[23],"on":[24,74],"an":[25],"Intel":[26],"iPSC/2":[27],"hypercube":[28,134],"with":[29,115],"32":[30,33],"processors":[31],"disk":[34,61],"drives.":[35],"employs":[37],"three":[38],"key":[39],"technical":[40],"ideas":[41],"which":[42],"enable":[43],"architecture":[45],"to":[46,49,65,78,96,107],"be":[47,66],"scaled":[48],"hundreds":[50],"processors.":[52],"First,":[53],"all":[54],"relations":[55,64],"horizontally":[57],"partitioned":[58],"across":[59],"multiple":[60],"drives,":[62],"enabling":[63],"scanned":[67],"parallel.":[69],"Second,":[70],"parallel":[71],"algorithms":[72],"based":[73],"hashing":[75],"used":[77,95],"implement":[79],"complex":[81,113],"operators,":[83],"such":[84],"as":[85],"join":[86],"aggregate":[88],"functions.":[89],"Third,":[90],"dataflow":[91],"scheduling":[92],"coordinate":[97],"multioperator":[98],"queries.":[99],"By":[100],"using":[101],"these":[102],"techniques,":[103],"it":[104],"possible":[106],"control":[108],"execution":[110],"very":[112],"queries":[114],"minimal":[116],"coordination.":[117],"software":[123],"described":[125],"thorough":[128],"performance":[129],"evaluation":[130],"iPSC/s":[133],"version":[135],"presented.<":[139],"<ETX":[140],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[141],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">&gt;</ETX>":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
